LIBRARY     OF 


1685- IQ56 


&ivate  Property  if 
2.  P.  METCALF 


KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES  OF  NORTH 
AMERICAN  INSECTS 


AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  CLASSIFICATION 
OF  INSECTS 


CHARLES  T.  BRUES 

Assistant  Professor  of  Economic  Entomology 
Harvard  University 


AND 

A.  L.  MELANDER 

Professor  of  Entomology,  State  College 


of  Washington 


BOSTON,  MASS.,  AND  PULLMAN,  WASH. 

Published  by  the  Authors 

1915 


Copyright,  1915 
Charles  T.  Brues,  and  A.  L.  Melander 
Published  March,  1915 


THE  RUMFORD  PRESS 

CONCORD.  N.  H. 

U.  S.  A. 


TO  OUR  FORMER  TEACHERS, 
HERBERT  EUGENE  WALTER, 
OLIVER  S.  WESTCOTT,  AND 
WILLIAM  MORTON  ^VHEELER, 
THIS    BOOK    IS    DEDICATED. 


PREFACE. 

The  present  manual  attempts  to  bring  together  a  brief  yet  com- 
plete key  to  the  famihes  of  American  insects,  unhampered  by  more 
than  the  explanations  needed  to  make  such  a  tabulation  available 
to  the  general  student.  It  has  been  prepared  to  meet  the  require- 
ments, not  alone  of  college  courses  in  systematic  entomology,  but 
also  of  agricultural  high  schools  and  of  physicians,  fruit  inspectors, 
the  modern  farmer,  the  nature-lover,  or  any  one  who  is  concerned 
with  the  practical  identification  of  insects. 

More  than  fifty  thousand  different  species  of  insects  are  now 
known  from  North  America.  Their  descriptions  fill  libraries  and 
their  final  identification  requires  the  knowledge  of  specialists. 
Obviously  no  single  volume  can  provide  for  their  determination. 
But  this  host  of  species  is  divided  into  groups  of  related  forms,  the 
families  of  insects,  and  it  is  with  their  recognition  that  th^  present 
work  deals. 

Identification  of  the  families  has  been  effected  by  means  of 
analytical  keys,  which  have  been  arranged  as  dichotomies.  In 
the  first  couplet,  for  example,  two  contrasting  descriptions  are 
given,  one  of  which  should  agree  with  the  insect  to  be  determined. 
The  number  at  the  end  of  this  description  indicates  the  couplet 
which  should  then  be  studied,  and  so  on  until  the  final  name  is 
secured.  All  of  the  keys  have  been  arranged  in  this  way,  as  the 
writers'  experience  in  the  classroom  shows  that  specimens  can  be 
most  easily  and  rapidly  classified  with  a  key  of  this  type,  which 
also  requires  much  less  space  for  printing.  While  the  dichotomies 
frequently  represent  the  natural  relationships  or  the  lines  of 
phyletic  development,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  preserve 
natural  divisions  wherever  the  convenience  and  practical  opera- 
tion of  the  keys  would  have  been  sacrificed. 

As  the  tabulation  is  designed  mainly  for  identification,  charac- 
ters not  readily  seen  on  the  usual  pinned  laboratory  specimens 
have  been  minimized.  The  nomenclature  of  the  body -parts  and 
of  the  wings  has  been  adapted  from  that  used  in  the  bulk  of  the 
systematic  literature  upon  the  separate  orders.  Such  terms  un- 
fortunately do  not  always  agree  with  undoubted  homologies  of 
these  parts  but  are  those  which  are  encountered  in  the  literature 
to  which  reference  must  be  made  for  more  extended  taxonomic 


vi  Preface. 

work,  A  special  glossary  and  drawings  of  anatomical  details  will 
familiarize  the  student  with  unusual  terms.  The  keys  are  intended 
only  for  adult  insects  as  there  is  as  yet  no  complete  guide  to  the 
younger  stages,  although  a  few  hints  are  given  in  the  key  to  or- 
ders to  indicate  the  position  of  immature  forms. 

For  a  bibliography  of  the  more  important  papers  dealing  with 
the  further  classification  of  North  American  insects,  the  student  is 
referred  to  Banks,  Bulletin  No.  81,  Bureau  of  Entomology,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture  (1910). 

Preceding  each  family  name  are  cited  several  representative 
genera,  and,  in  the  case  of  a  number  of  economically  important 
species,  the  common  and  specific  names  are  also  given,  inclosed  in 
brackets  after  the  generic  name.  Thus  the  genera  are  in  heavy- 
face  type,  the  Latin  specific  names  in  italics,  and  the  common 
names  in  Roman.  A  few  synonyms  have  been  inserted,  in  italics, 
both  for  genera  and  for  families,  to  associate  the  names  here  used 
with  others  commonly  occurring  in  publications.  The  family 
names  have  been  formed  in  accordance  with  the  rule  of  the  zoo- 
logical code  requiring  the  suSix-tWce  after  the  root  of  the  oldest 
genus  name,  although  this  has  resulted  in  a  number  of  minor 
changes  in  orthography.  The  pronunciation  of  the  Latin  names 
is  indicated  by  an  accent  mark,  placed  over  the  vowel  in  the  ac- 
cented syllable,  a  long  vowel  indicated  by  a  grave  accent  {e.g.  e) 
and  a  short  one  by  an  acute  accent  {e.g.  e). 

The  Linnean  classification  of  insects  into  seven  orders  has  been 
long  abandoned  as  an  artificial  grouping  of  unrelated  forms.  We 
have  followed  the  unified  ordinal  groups  essentially  as  limited  by 
Handlirsch.^ 

The  families  of  a  few  of  the  orders  recently  monographed  have 
been  adopted  almost  without  change.  Thus  the  Dermaptera  are 
based  on  Burr,-  the  Hemiptera  on  Renter,^  the  Lepidoptera  to  a 
great  extent  on  Forbes,^  the  Mallophaga  on  Kellogg,^  the  Strepsip- 
tera  on  Pierce,^  and  the  Trichoptera  on  Ulmer.' 

'  Die  fossilen  Insekten  xmd  die  Phylogenie  dcr  rezenten  Formen.  Leipzig,  1908.  Wilhelm 
Englemann. 

2  Wytsman's  Genera  Insectorum,  fase.  122  (1913). 

aOefv.  Fin.  Vet.  Forh.,  liv,  (1911-12). 

4  Psyche,  xxi,  53-65  (1914). 

6  Wytsman's  Genera  Insectorum,  fas-.  66  (1908). 

6  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  66  (1909). 

'  Wytsman's  Genera  Insectorum,  fasc.  60  (1907). 


Preface.  vii 

The  families  of  the  Coleoptera  are  mainly  those  recognized  by 
Sharp  and  Ganglbaur,  and  largely  reverse  the  familiar  sequence 
given  by  Le  Conte  and  Horn.  Two  or  three  orders  do  not  occur 
in  North  America,  but  have  been  added  to  the  key  for  the  sake  of 
completeness.  A  few  families  absent  in  North  America  have 
representatives  in  Central  America  or  the  West  Indies,  and  these 
also  have  been  included. 

The  present  system  of  insect  classification  has  gradually  been 
evolved  by  many  workers  in  almost  innumerable  contributions 
published  during  the  course  of  more  than  a  century.  During  this 
time  systems  have  been  proposed,  wholly  or  partially  discarded, 
or  incorporated  into  new  ones.  The  task  of  the  writers  has  been 
little  more  than  to  compile  from  this  existing  literature  the  most 
recent  ideas,  and  they  have  gleaned  from  so  many  sources  in  various 
languages  that  it  is  impossible  to  refer  to  all  in  detail.  To  some 
extent  this  is  also  true  of  the  illustrations  which  have  been  very 
largely  redrawn  from  published  figures,  by  Beirne  Barrett  Brues, 
the  wife  of  one  of  the  authors.  The  original  source  of  the  drawings 
is  indicated  on  the  explanations  to  the  plates  by  the  name  of  the 
author  in  parentheses,  although  it  must  be  stated  that  many  have 
been  simplified,  differently  lettered,  or  otherwise  modified  to  adapt 
them  to  the  purpose  of  the  present  manual. 

While  family  groupings  should  be  of  equal  rank  throughout  the 
animal  kingdom,  they  are  not  always  coordinate,  since  they  are 
concepts  rather  than  concrete  divisions  and  hence  are  subject  to 
the  variability  of  ideas.  That  the  specialist  is  apt  to  narrow  his  limi- 
tations can  be  seen  by  the  constantly  increasing  number  of  families 
proposed.  For  example,  the  old  group  Tachinidse,  geologically 
one  of  the  most  recent  of  insects,  has  been  segregated  into  scores 
of  so-called  families.  If  this  course  is  accepted  in  one  group  it 
carries  with  it  a  tacit  elevation  of  all  other  ranking  minor  groupings 
and  thus  the  family  concept  becomes  altered.  Since  views  on 
classification  irresistibly  shift  through  such  changes  and  are  con- 
stantly diverted  by  the  discovery  of  annectant  forms,  no  taxo- 
nomic  scheme  can  be  considered  complete  or  final.  While  the 
writers  have  to  some  extent  attempted  to  keep  the  family  groupings 
balanced,  yet  they  fully  appreciate  the  futility  of  such  an  endeavor 
and  present  the  following  outline  as  seemingly  that  most  widely 
accepted  by  present-day  entomologists. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  HIGHER  GROUPS  OF  INSECTS. 
Class  PTERYGOGENEA 

Subclass  Orthopteroidea  ,-^ 

Order  GRYLLOBLATTOIDEA  (Grylloblattid*)  "^ 

Order  ORTHOPTERA 

Suborder  Acridoidea  (Acridiidse,  Tettigidse)     /^ 

Suborder  Locustoidea  (Locustidse, '^Gr^dlidse,  Gryllotalpidae,  Tridactylidse) 
Order  PHASMOIDEA  (Pliasmida^V^'"''^' 
Order  DIPLOGLOSSATA  (Hemimeridse) 
V         Order  DERMAPTERA   (Pygidicranidse,   Labiduri'dae,   Labiidse,   Forficulidse) 
Order  THYSANOPTERA 

Suborder  Terebrantia  (iEolothripidse,  Thripidse) 

Suborder  Tubulifera  (Phlceothripidae) 

Subclass  Blattaeformia 

Order  MANTOmEA  (Mantldse)       / 

Order  BLATTOIDEA  (Blattidse)  ^ 

Order  ZORAPTERA  (Zorotj-pidffi)  .^  // 

V      Order  ISOPTERA  (Protermitldfe,.  Termitida?)'/^  /i/^ 

^      Order  CORRODENTIA  (Psocid«/Atropida;r 


Order  MALLOPHAGA 

Suborder  Ischnocera  (Trichodectidf^  ^'"' — +^-:j-«S 


\?i,  Philopterid^J 
Suborder  Amblycera  (Gyropodid.-^  LiotheidiieV 
Order  SIPHUNCULATA  (PediculidiJe;  Hjematopinidie,'  Echinophthiriidsfi) 

Subclass  Hymenopteroidea 

Order  HYMENOPTERA  ^ 

Suborder    Chalastogastra    (Xyelidse,    Pamphiliidse,    Oryssidaj,    Cephiflse, ' 
Xiphydriidte/vSirlcidre,.  Cimbicidse,   Hylotomida?,   Diprionida^.^'Ten- 
thredinidae,  Pterygophoridse) 
Suborder  Clistogastra 
ICHNEUMONIFORMIA : 

ICHNEUMONOIDEA  (Evaniidje,  Roproniidfe,  Stephanidae,  Alysiidae, 
.    Ichneumonidae^  Capitoniidaej-Braconidse,  Myersiidae) 
CYNIPOIDEA  (FigitidiB,  IbaliidferCynipids) 

CHALCIDOIDEA  (Mymaridae,  Agaonidse,  Eucharidse,  Perilampidae, 
Callimomidse,  Leucospidse,.  Chalcididfe,  Eurytoraidae,  Cleonymidse, 
Miscogastridae,  Pteromalidae,  Eulophidse,  Elasmidae,  Trichogrammat- 
idfe) 
VESPIFORMIA  (Trigonaloidse,  Helorid«,  Diapriid^,  Platygastridfe, 
Scelionidse,  Ceraphronidae,\y \Pormicid;e,  Vanhorniidae,^'  Chi-ysididse, 
2  1 


2  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

Bethylidae,  Embolemidse,  Dryinidae,  Serphidse,  Pelecinidse,  'Vespidssi 
V  Eumenidsp,     Psammocharidie,     Masaridae,     Sapygidae,    Myzinidse, 
Tiphiidae,    i  Scoliidae,     Rhopalosomatidae,     Myrmosidae,      Cosilidae, 
\    Mutillidai 

SPHECIFORMIA  (Crabronid£e,  OxybelidiB,  Trypoxylonidae,  Philan- 

thidae^  Bembecidae,  Nitelidae,  Larridae,  Psenidae,  Mellinidae,  Ampu- 

licidae;  Sphecidae,  Stizidae,  Nyssonidae,  Alysonidae,  Gorytidae) 

/    ANTHOPHILA  (Apidae,  Bombidae,  Prosopidse,  'Colletida;,  Andrenidae, 

Panurgida?,    Anthophoridae,   Nomadidae,    Melectidae,   .Megachilidae, 

w'  Xylocopidae,  Ceratinidae) 

Subclass  Coleopteroidea 

Order  COLEOPTERA 

Suborder    Adephaga    (Cicindelidae,    Carabidae,    Haliplidae,    Amphizoidae, 

\  Dytiscidae,'  Gyrinidae,  Rhysodidae,  Cupedidae) 
Suborder  Polyphaga 

PALPICORNIA' (Hydrophilidffi)      -, 

STAPHYLINIFORMIA   (Silphidfe,  Scydmaenidae,'  Leptinid*,   Clam- 

bidae,   Aphenocephalidae,  Orthoperidae,   Ptiliidae,  Sphaeriidae,  Hydro- 

scaphidae,    Scaphidiidae,    Platypsyllidae,   Staphylinidae,   Pselaphidae, 

\    Histerid^)  ^ 

MALACODERMATA'(Lampyridae,  Lycidae,  Telephoridse,  Malachiidae, 

Cleridae,  Corynetidae,  Derodontidae) 
CUCUJOIDEA  (Cucujidffi) 

CLAVICORNIA    (Synteliida?,    Ostomatidae,    Nitidulidae,    Erotylidae, 

Cryptophagidae,    Phalacridae,    Lathridiidae,.    Mycetophagida»,    Adi- 

meridae,  Colydiidas,  Cioidae,  Sphindidae,  Endomychidae,  iCoccinellidae) 

BRACHYMERA   (Byturidae,,  Dermestidaj,  Nosodendridae,  Byrrhidae) 

MACRODACTYLIA   (Georyssidae,   Heterocerida?,   Helodidae,    Eucin- 

etidae,  Dryopidae) 
SERRICORNIA  (Chelonariidae,  Dascillidae,  Rhipicerida;) 
STERNOXIA  (Cebrionidae,  Elaterida^,  Eucnemidae,  Throscidaj) 
BUPRESTOIDEA  (Buprestidae) 
TEREDILIA  (Lymexylonidae,  Micromalthidae,  Bostrichidse,    Lyctidae, 

Ptinidae,  Anobiidae) 
HETEROMERA  ((Edomeridfe,  Cephaloonida?,  Pythid*,  Pyrochroidae/ 
Hylophilidae,  Pedilidae,  Anthicidae,^  Melandryidas,  Scraptidae,  Mon- 
^..■  ommidae,  Othniidae,  iEgialitidiB,  Lagriidae,  Cistelidae,  Tenebrionidae, 

„_y^  •  \     Meloidae,  Mordellidae,  Rhipiphoridae) 

PHYTOPHAGA  (Cerambycid*,  Chrysomelida!,  Bruchidae) 
RHYNCHOPHORA  (Plat>-podidse,'/lpidffi,  Curculionidte,  Anthribidae, 
J    Brenthidae) 

LAMELLICORNIA   (Lucanidae,  Sinodendridae,    Passalidae,   Trogidae, 
/     Scarabaeidffi) 
Order  STREPSEPTERA   (Mengeidae,   Xenidae,   Halictophagida",   Elenchidae) 


Conspectus  of  the  Higher  Groups  of  Insects.  3 

Subclass  Embidaria 

1/         Order  EMBIIDINA  (Olynthidre,  OligotomidBe,  Embiid«?) 

Subclass  Libelluloidea 

Order  ODONATA  y  ^ 

V  Suborder  Zygoptera  (Calopterygidse,  Agrioiiida>) 
Suborder  Anisoptera  (^schnidae, Yibellulld-'s) 

Subclass  Ephemeroidea 

\^      Order  PLECTOPTERA  (Ephemeridfe) 

Subclass  Perloidea 

V  Order  PLECOPTERA  (Perlidfe) 

Subclass  Neuropteroidea  >^ 

Order  MEGALOPTERA\Sialidid«,  Corydalidse) 
Order  RAPHIDIOIDEA  (Raphidiids) 
1^     Order  KEUROPTERA  (Mantispidae,  Ascalaphidfe,.  Myrraeleonidse,   Chrysop- 
idse,     Dilaridae,    Polystoechotida?,     Berothida^,    Sysyrida>,    Hemerobiidae, 
\  ^     Coniopterygidse) 

Subclass  Panorpoidea 

j^      Order  PANORPAT^  (Panorpidae,  Bittacusida?,  Meropida>,  Boreidse) 
,^      Order  TRICHOPTERA  (Hydroptilida»,  Philopotamid*,  LimnephUidse,   Rhy- 
acophilidse,  Phryganeida;,  Polycentropidse,  Hydropsychidae.  PsychomyildEe, 
Calamocerotidse,    Sericostomatida-,    Molannidse,    Leptocerida;,     Odonto- 
^  ceridae) 

V  Order  LEPIDOPTERA 

Suborder  Jugatae  (Hepialidae,  Micropterygid«)     - 
Suborder  Frenatae 

TINEOIDEA:    (Adelidae,   Gracilariidae,   Lyonetiidfe,   Tischeriidae,   Acro- 
lepiidse,   Prodoxidae,    Opostegidae,    Nepticulida?,   Tineid*,   Heliozelidse, 
Heliodinida;,   Cosmopterygidae,   Elachistidae,   Blastobasidae,   Ethmiida! 
(Ecophorida?,     Stenomida>,  .  Gelechiid;^,     Yponomeutids,  /  Tortricidaei 
^     Pterophorida?,  Orneodida-,  Pyralidida?.  .Egeriida>,  Castniidae'/'Cossidae,' 
Thyrididae,    Chaleosiida?,    Pyromorphida-.    Dalcerida,^  Megalopygidse', 
V      Eucleida»,  Psychida>,  Lacosomatida?,  Nolid«)  ^ 
^^  BOMBYCOIDEA:      (Uraniida;,    EpipIemida?,/Geometrida»,   Drepanidae, 
\/Bombycida^, '  Lasiocampida»,     Liparidae,      Thyatirid;?,      Eupterotidae! 
Notodontidae,  Dioptidae,  Pericopida-,  Noctuida?,  Agaristidae,' Arctiidae, 
Lithosiidae,  Hypsida',  Syntomida*) 
V'    SATURNOIDEA:   ■(Saturniida'/'Ceratocampida?) 
1^' SPHINGOIDEA:   (Sphingidae) 

PAPILIONOIDEA:  (Hesperiida-,  Lycsnida-,  "  Erycinidfe.  Libytheid*, 
Lymnadidae.  Ithomiidae,  Heliconiida;,  Brassolidae,  Agapetidae,  Morpho- 
idae,  Nymphalidae,  Pieridae,  -Papilionidae,  Parnassiidae.) 


Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

Order  DIPTERA 
Suborder  Orthorrhapha 
NEMATOCERA 

TIPULOIDEA:  (Dixida?,  tipulida;^  Limnobiidae,  Ptychopteridse.  Psy- 
chodidse,  Culicidae,  Chironomidsej'Sciaridae,  Cecidomyiidie,  Scatopsidse, 
Mycetophilidae. 
BIBIONOIDEA:         (Rhyphidse,      Orphnephilida?,       Blepharoceridae, 
V    Bibionidse,  Simuliidse) 
BRACHYCERA 

ERE:\I0CH^TA:  '(Stratiomyiida;,    Pantophthalmidae,  Xylophagidae, 

Coenomyiidae,.  Tabanidse,  Rhagionidae) 
TROMOPTERA:   (CjTtidse,   Nemestrinidae,    Apioceridae,  '  ThereWdae, 

Bombyliidae, .  Scenopinidae) 
DERM ATIXA  f^  (Mydaidte) 
ENERGOPODA:.(Asi]id£e) 
ORTHOGENYAV  (Empidida;,Vt)olichopodida;) 
ACROPTERA:  (Lonchopterida?) 
HYPOCERA  r  (Phorida?) 
Suborder  Cyclorrhapha 

ASCHIZA:  (Platypezidae,  Pipunculidae,  Syrphidae,  Conopidai,) 
SCHIZOPHORA- 
MYODARIA 

SCHIZOMETOPA:  (GastropIiilidre/GE&trida;,  Phasiidae,  Megapro- 
sopidae;  Calliplioridae,  '  Sarcophagidae,  Rhinophoridae,  Dexiidae 
'  Tachinidae, ' jNIuscidaS,  Anthomyiidae) 
HOLOMETOPA:  {Helomyzidse,.  Scatophagidae,  Heteroneuridae,  Phy- 
codromidae,  Borboridae,  Sepsidae,  Tanypezidae,  Micropezidae, 
Rhopalomeridae,  Dryomyzidae,  Tetanoceridae,  Lauxaniidae,  Orta- 
lididae,  Loncliaeidae,  TrypetidEe,  Ephydridae,  Milichiidae,  .  Droso- 
pbilidae,  Chloropidqe,  '^Geoiriyzidae/'Piophilidaej/Agromyzidae,  Och- 
tbiphilidae,  PsilidiE,  Diopsidae)  ;• 

PUPIPARA:  (Nycteribiidae,  Streblidae,  Iflippoboscidae) 
Order    SUCTORIA    (Pulicidas," '  Ctenopsyllida;,    Hystricbopsyllijae,   'Cerato- 
psyllida?,  Rhynchoprionidae) 

Subclass  Rhynchota 

Order  HOMOPTERA 

Suborder  Auchenorrhyncha   (Cicadidae,   Membracidae,   Cercopidae,    Bythb- 

scopidae,   Proconiidae,  Jassidae,  Typhlocybidae,  Fulgoridae)>  CLxiidae,  Ach- 

ilidae,  Derbidae,  Issidae,  Flatidae,  Delphacidae) 
Suborder  Psylloidea  (Psyllidae) 
Suborder  Aleurodoidea  (Aleurodidae) 
Suborder  Aphidoidea  (Aphididae) 
Suborder  Coccoidea  (Coccida) 
"Order   HEMIPTERA    (Ochteridae,    Nerthridffi,    Naucorida;,    Eelostomatidse, 
Nepidae,   Notonectidae,   Corixidae,   Dipsocoridae,    Schizopteridse,    Cimicidae, 
Miridae,    Isometopidi?,    Anthocoridae,    Gerridae,    Veliidae,     Hydrornetridae, 


Conspectus  of  the  Higher  Gronps  of  Insects.  5 

PolyctenidJB,  Aradidis,  Dysodiidse,  Nabidse,  Henicocephalidse,  Mesoveliidse, 
Acanthiidae,  Macrocephalidse,  Redu\'iid8e,  Emesidse,  Hebrida^,  Pyrrhocor- 
idse,  Tingitidse,  Corizidse,  Coreidae,  Alydidse,  Piesmidse,  Myodochidae,  Neid- 
id^,  Pentatomidse,  Thyreocorida?,  Scutellerldse. 

Class  THYSANURA 

Order  LEPISMATOIDEA  (Lepismatida?) 
Order  MACHHOIDEA  (Macliilida?) 

Class  CAMPODEOIDEA 

Order  RHABDURA.  (Projapygida?,  Campodeida?) 
Order  DICELLURA  (Japygida;) 

Class  COLLEMBOLA  /  X 

Order  ARTHROPLEONA  (Aphoruridse  Efitomobryi^  Poduridffi) 
Order  SYMPHYPLEONA  (Sminthuridfe^PapiriidsK^'eelidje) 

Class  MIRIENTOMATA 

Order  PROTURA  (Eosentomidse) 


KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS  OF  INSECTS. 

1.  Wings  developed 2 

Wingless,  or  wath  vestigial  wings 29 

2.  The  'nings  of  the  mesothorax  (the  fore  wings)  horny,  leathery  or  parchment- 

like; prothorax  large  and  separate  from  the  mesothorax  (except  in  the  rare 

Strepsiptera,  which  have  minute  fore  wings) 3 

The  mesothoracic  wings  membranous 11 

3.  Mesothoracic  wings  (called  tegmina  or  hemelytra)  containing  veins,  or  at  least 

the  metathoracic  wings  not  folded  crossways  when  hidden  under  the  upper 

wings 4 

Mesothoracic  wings  (called  elytra)  veinless,  of  uniform  consistency,  the  meta- 
thoracic wings,  when  present,  folded  crossways  as  well  as  lengthwise  when 
at  rest  and  hidden  beneath  the  elytra;  mouth  mandibulate 10 

4.  Mesothoracic  wings  of  uniform  texture,  usually  with  many  veins;  head  verti- 

cal    5 

Mesothoracic  wings  leathery  at  the  base,  membranous  at  the  tip,  usually  over- 
lapping the  abdomen  when  at  rest;  head  usually  horizontal;  mouth  beak- 
like or  awl-shaped,  fitted  for  sucking.    True  Bugs .  .HEMIPTERA    (Page  76) 

5.  Mouth  with  the  mandibles  fitted  for  chewing 6 

Mouth  fitted  for  sucking,  the  beak  arising  from  the  back  part  of  the  head  and 

projecting  backward •  .  .   HOMOPTERA     (Page  73) 

6.  Hind  wings  not  folded,  similar  to  the  fore  wings;  social  species,  living  in  colonies. 

Termites ISOPTERA     (Page  17) 

Hind  wings  folding,  broader  than  the  fore  wings 7 

7.  Usually  rather  large  or  moderately  large  species;  antennae  lengthened  and 

thread-like;  prothorax  large  and  free  from  the  mesothorax;  cerci  present; 

fore  wings  rarely  minute,  usually  long 8 

Very  small  active  species;  antennae  short,  with  few  joints;  no  cerci;  fore  wings 
minute;  prothorax  small.  Rare,  short-lived  insects,  parasites  of  other 
insects,  usually  wasps  and  bees.     Males  of   STREPSIPTERA     (Page  41) 

8.  Hind  femora  not  larger  than  the  fore  femora;  mute  species;  body  more  or  less 

flattened  with  the  wings  superposed  when  at  rest;  tergites  and  sternites 

subequal 9 

Hind  femora  almost  always  much  larger  than  the  fore  femora,  jumping  species, 
if  not  (Gryllotalpa)  the  front  legs  broadened  for  burrowing;  species  capable 
of  chirping  or  making  a  creaking  noise;  body  more  or  less  cylindrical,  the 
wings  held  sloping  against  the  sides  of  the  body  when  at  rest;  tergites  usually 
larger  than  the  sternites.     Grasshoppers,  Katydids,  Crickets 

ORTHOPTERA     (Page  13) 

9.  Body  elongate;   head  transverse,   vertical,   free,   not  set  into  the  very  long 

prothorax;  front  legs  spined,  formed  for  grasping  prey;  deliberate  movers. 

Mantis MANTOIDEA     (Page  16) 

Body  oval,  much  flattened;  head  nearly  concealed  underneath  the  oval  prono- 
tum;  legs  similar  and  fitted  for  rapid  running,  the  coxae  large.     Roaches 

BLATTOIDEA     (Page  16) 


,  Key  to  the  Orders  of  Insects.  7 

10.  Abdomen  terminated  by  movable  forceps;  antennae  long  and  slender;  fore  wings 

short,  hind  wings  nearly  circular,  dehcate,  radially  folded  from  near  the 

center;  elongate  insects.     Earwigs DERMAPTERA     (Page  15) 

Abdomen  not  terminated  by  forceps;  antennae  of  various  forms  but  usually 
eleven-jointed;  fore  wings  usually  sheathing  the  abdomen;  generally  hard- 
bodied  species.     Beetles COLEOPTERA     (Page  30) 

11.  With  four  wings 12 

With  but  two  wings  (the  mesothoracic)  usually  outspread  when  at  rest 27 

12.  Wings  long,  very  narrow,  the  margins  fringed  with  long  hairs,  almost  veinless; 

tarsi  one-  or  two- join  ted,  u'ith  swollen  tip;  mouth  without  biting  mandibles, 
fitted  for  sucking;  no  cerci;  minute  species.     Thrips 

THYSANOPTERA    (Page  15) 

Wings  broader  and  most  often  supplied  with  veins,  if  rarely  somewhat  linear 

the  tarsi  have  more  than  two  joints  and  the  last  tarsal  joint  is  not  swollen,  13 

13.  Hind  wings  with  the  anal  area  folded  in  plaits,  fan-like,  in  repose,  larger  than 

the  fore  wings;  antennae  prominent;  veins  usually  numerous;  larvae  aquatic,  14 

Hind  wings  not  folded,  not  larger  than  the  fore  wings,  the  anal  area  small  and 

not  separated 16 

14.  Tarsi  five-jointed;  cerci  not  pronounced 15 

Tarsi  three-jointed;  body  rather  flattened,  with  jointed  cerci;  wings  at  rest  over- 
lapping the  abdomen;  species  of  moderate  to  large  size.     Stone-flies 

PLECOPTERA     (Page  44) 

15.  Costal  area  with  few  crossveins;  wings  with  the  surface  hairy;  prothorax  small; 

species  of  small  to  moderate  size.     Caddice-flies 

TRICHOPTERA     (Page  46) 

Costal  area  with  many  crossveins;  prothorax  rather  large;  species  of  moderate 

to  large  size MEGALOPTERA     (Page  44) 

16.  Antennae  short  and  inconspicuous;  wings  netveined  with  numerous  crossveins; 

larvae  aquatic.      (SUBULICORNIA) 17 

Antennae  larger,  distinct,  if  rarely  small  the  crossveins  are  few;  larvae  terres- 
trial   18 

17.  Hind  wings  much  smaller  than  the  fore  wings;  abdomen  ending  in  long,  thread- 

like processes;  sluggish  fliers.     May-flies PLECTOPTERA     (Page  43) 

Hind  wings  nearly  like  the  fore  wings;  no  caudal  setae;  vigorous,  active  fliers, 
often  of  large  size.     Dragon-flies,  Damsel-flies ODONATA     (Page  43) 

18.  Head  produced  into  a  mandibulate  beak;  hind  wings  not  folded;  wings  usually 

with  color  pattern,  the  crossveins  numerous;  male  genitalia  forming  a  swollen 
pincers-like  termination  of  the  abdomen.     Scorpion-flies 

PANORPAT^     (Page  46) 
Head  not  drawn  out  as  a  beak;  male  abdomen  not  forcipate 19 

19.  Mouth  mandibulate 20 

Mouth  haustellate,  the  mandibles  not  formed  for  chewing;  no  cerci;  crossveins 

few 25 

20.  Tarsi  five-jointed;  no  cerci 21 

Tarsi  two-,  three-  or  four-jointed;  veins  and  crossveins  not  numerous ....  23 


8  Key  to  Families  oj  North  American  Insects. 

21.  Prothorax  small  or  only  moderately  long 22 

Prothorax  very  long  and  cylindrical;   antennae  many-jointed;  crossveins  nu- 
merous   RAPHIDIOIDEA     (Pagt  44) 

22.  Wings  similar,  with  many  veins  and  crossveins,  costal  cell  almost  always  filled 

with  crossveins;  prothorax  more  or  less  free.  If  the  neuration  is  very  rarely 
reduced  (Coniopteryx)  the  vraigs  are  powdered.  .KEUROPTERA.  (Page  45) 
Wings  with  relatively  few  angular  cells,  the  costal  cell  without  crossveins;  hind 
wings  smaller  than  the  fore  pair;  prothorax  fused  with  the  mesothorax; 
abdomen  usually  constricted  at  the  base  and  ending  in  a  sting  or  specialized 
ovipositor.     Wasps,  Bees,  etc HYMENOPTERA     (Page  19) 

23.  Prothorax  well  developed;  wings  equal  in  size,  held  superimposed  on  the  abdo- 

men when  at  rest 24 

Prothorax  inconspicuous;  hind  wings  smaller  than  the  fore  wings;  tarsi  two- 
or  three-jointed;  wings  at  rest  held  roof-like  against  the  abdomen 

CORRODENTIA     (Page  17) 

24.  Tarsi  apparently  four-jointed;  social  species,  living  in  colonies 

ISOPTERA     (Page  17) 
Tarsi  three-jointed,  the  front  metatarsi  swollen;  solitary;  southern  species 

EMBnDINA     (Page  42) 

25.  Wings  not  covered  with  scales,  usually  transparent,  not  outspread  when  at 

rest;  prothorax  large;  antennae  with  few  joints 26 

Wings  and  body  covered  with  scales,  the  wings  well  developed  and  pictured; 
prothorax  small;  antennae  many-jointed.     Moths  and  Butterflies 

LEPmOPTERA     (Page  48) 

26.  Beak  arising  from  the  back  of  the  head HOMOPTERA     (Page  73) 

Beak  arising  from  the  front  part  of  the  head HEMIPTERA     (Page  76) 

27.  Mouth  not  functional;  abdomen  furnished  with  a  pair  of  caudal  filaments.  .28 
Mouth-parts  forming  a  proboscis,  only  exceptionally  vestigial;  abdomen  with- 
out caudal  filaments;   hind  wings  replaced  by  knobbed   halteres.     Flies, 
Mosquitoes,   Midges DIPTERA     (Page  61) 

28.  No  halteres;  antennae  inconspicuous;  crossveins  abundant.     A  few  rare  Maj'- 

flies PLECTOPTERA     (Page  43) 

Hind  wings  represented  by  minute  hook-like  halteres;  antennae  evident;  cross- 
vems  lacking.     Males  of  Scale-insects HOMOPTERA     (Page  73) 

29.  Body  more  or  less  insect-like,  i.  e.  with  more  or  less  distinct  head,  thorax  and 

abdomen,  and  jointed  legs,  and  capable  of  locomotion 30 

Without  distinct  body  parts,  or  without  jointed  legs,  or  incapable  of  locomo- 
tion   70 

30.  Terrestrial,  breathing  through  spiracles 31 

Living  in  the  water;  usually  gill-breathing,  larval  forms 59 

Parasites  on  warm-blooded  animals 65 

31.  Mouthparts  vestigial,  retracted  in  the  head  and  scarcely  or  not  at  all  visible; 

underside  of  the  abdomen  with  styles  or  other  appendages;  very  delicate 

small  or  minute  insects 32 

Mouthparts  mandibulate,  formed  for  chewing 38 

Mouthparts  haustellate,  formed  for  sucking 55 


Key  to  the  Orders  of  Insects.  & 

32.  Abdomen  consisting  of  ten  or  eleven  segments,  no  ventral  sucker  at  its  base,  no 

terminal  springing  apparatus 33 

Abdomen  consisting  of  six  segments  or  less,  with  a  forked  sucker  on  the  first 
ventral  segment  and  usually  with  a  springing  apparatus  (furcula)  near  the 
tip  beneath.     (Class  COLLEMBOLA) 37 

33.  Basal  three  segments  of  the  abdomen  with  ventral  styles;  antennae  absent; 

no  cerci  but  a  short  anal  tube  present;  head  pear-shaped;  prothorax  short. 

(Class   MIRIENTOMATA) PROTURA     (Page  83) 

Ventral  styles  occurring  to  the  seventh  segment;  antennae  thread-like;  cerci 
present;  prothorax  not  short 34 

34.  Body  never  scaly;  mouthparts  concealed  except  for  the  palpi;  apex  of  the  ab- 

domen without  a  median  process.     (Class  CAMPODEOIDEA) 35 

Body  usually  covered  with  minute  scales;  tips  of  the  mouthparts  visible;  abdo- 
men with  a  median  cerciforn*  appendage.     (Class  THYSANCRA) 36 

35.  Eleventh  tergite  nearly  or  quite  covered  by  the  tenth;  cerci  jointed;  anal 

valves  very  distinct RHABDURA     (Page  82) 

Eleventh  tergite  fused  with  the  tenth;  cerci  single-jointed  forming  strong 
forceps;  anal  valves  not  distinct DICELLURA    (Page  82) 

36.  Body  flattened;  eyes  not  extending  over  the  front;  maxillary  palpi  five-  or  six- 

jointed;  eleventh  tergite  partly  covered  by  the  tenth 

LEPISMATOIDEA    (Page81> 
Body  convex  above;  eyes  large,  extending  over  the  front;  maxillary  palpi  seven- 
jointed;  eleventh  tergite  not  covered  by  the  tenth 

MACHILOIDEA     (Page  81) 

37.  Abdomen  comprising  six  evident  segments;  body  lengthened,  subcylindrical ;, 

fourth  segment  of  the  abdomen  often  much  lengthened 

ARTHROPLEONA     (Page  82) 

Abdominal  segments  in  part  fused;  body  subglobular,  the  abdomen  little  longer 

than  wide SYMPHYPLEONA    "(Page  83) 

38.  Underside  of  abdomen  entirely  without  legs 39 

Abdomen  bearing  false  legs  beneath  which  differ  from  those  of  the  thorax;  body 

cyhndrical,  the  thorax  and  abdomen  not  distinctly  separated;  larval  forms.  54 

39.  Antennae  long  and  distinct 40 

Antennae  short,  not  pronounced;  larval  forms 52 

40.  Abdomen  terminated  by  strong  movable  forceps;  prothorax  free.     Earwigs 

DERMAPTERA    (Page  15> 
Abdomen  not  ending  in  forceps 41 

41.  Abdomen  not  strongly  constricted  at  the  base,  broadly  joined  to  the  thorax,  42 
Abdomen  strongly  constricted  at  the  base;  prothorax  fused  with  the  meso- 

thorax.     Ants,  etc HYMENOPTERA     (Page  19) 

42.  Head  not  prolonged  into  a  beak 43. 

Head  produced  into  a  mandibulate  beak;  species  found  about  snow.     (Boreus) 

PANORPAT.^     (Page  46) 


10  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

43.  Very  small   (three  millimeters)   louse-like  jumping  species;  prothorax  incon- 

spicuous.    Book-lice CORRODENTIA     (Page  17) 

Larger,  or  at  least  not  louse-like  species ;  prothorax  large 44 

44.  Hind  legs  fitted  for  jumping,  the  femora  enlarged;  wing-pads  of  larvse  when 

present  in  inverse  position,  the  metathoracic  overlapping  the  mesothoracic 

ORTHOPTERA     (Page  13) 
Hind  legs  not  enlarged  for  jumping;  wing-pads,  if  present,  in  normal  posi- 
tion   45 

45.  Prothorax  much  longer  than  the  mesothorax;  front  legs  fitted  for  grasping 

prey MANTOIDEA     (Page  16) 

Prothorax  not  greatly  lengthened 46 

46.  Cerci  present;  antennae  usually  with  more  than  fifteen  joints,  often  many- 

jointed  47 

No  cerci;  body  often  hard-shelled;  antennae  usually  with  eleven  joints 

COLEOPTERA     (Page  30) 

47.  Cerci  with  more  than  three  joints 48 

Cerci  short,  with  one  to  three  joints 49 

48.  Body  flattened  and  oval;  head  inflexed;  prothorax  oval.     Roaches. 

BLATTOIDEA     (Page  16) 
Body  elongate;  head  nearly  horizontal;  prothorax  quadrate. 

GRYLLOBLATTOIDEA     (Page  13) 

49.  Tarsi  five-jointed;  body  very  slender  and  long.     Walking-sticks 

PHASMOIDEA     (Page  14) 

Tarsi  two-  to  four-jointed;  body  not  linear 50 

-50.  Front  tarsi  not  enlarged 51 

Front  tarsi  with  the  first  joint  swollen EMEHDINA     (Page  42) 

■51.  Tarsi  apparently  four-jointed;  cerci  with  several  joints;  antennae  with  nine  to 

thirty  joints ISOPTERA     (Page   17) 

Tarsi    two-jointed;    cerci    one-jointed;    antennae   nine-jointed;   minute  species 
restricted  to  the  East  Indies ZORAPTERA     (Page  17) 

52.  Body  cylindrical,  caterpillar-like PANORPATAE     (Page  46) 

Body  more  or  less  depressed,  not  caterpillar-like 53 

53.  Mandibles  united  with  the  corresponding  maxillae  to  form  sucking  jaws 

Larvae  of  Neuroptera 
Mandibles  almost  always  separate  from  the  maxillae 

Larvae  of  Coleoptera,  Raphidioidea,  Strepsiptera 

.54.  False  legs  numbering  five  pairs  or  less Larvae  of  Lepidoptera 

False  legs  numbering  six  to  eight  pairs 

Most  larvae  of  suborder  Chalastogastra,  Hymenoptera 

55.  Body  bare  or  with  few  scattered  hairs 56 

Body  densely  clothed  with  hairs  or  scales;  proboscis  if  present  coiled  under  the 

head.     Moths LEPIDOPTERA     (Page  48) 

-56.  Last  tarsal  joint  swollen  and  with  no  claws;  mouth  consisting  of  a  triangular 

unjointed  beak;  minute  species.     Thrips THYSANOPTERA     (Page  15) 

Tarsi  not  bladder-like  at  the  tip,  and  with  distinct  claws 57 


Key  to  the  Orders  of  Insects.  11 

-57.  Prothorax  distinct 58 

Prothorax  small,  hidden  when  viewed  from  above DIPTERA     (Page  61) 

58.  Beak  arising  from  the  front  part  of  the  head HEMIPTERA     (Page  76) 

Beak  arising  from  the  back  part  of  the  head HOMOPTERA     (Page  73) 

59.  Mouth  mandibulate 60 

Mouth  haustellate,  forming  a  strong  pointed  inflexed  beak 

Nymphs  of  Hemiptera 

60.  Body  not  encased  in  a  shell  made  of  sand,  pebbles,  leaves,  etc 61 

Case-bearing  forms.     Periwinkles Larvae  of  Trichoptera 

61.  Abdomen  furnished  with  external  lateral  gills  or  respiratory  processes  (a  few 

Coleoptera  here  also) 62 

Abdomen  without  external  gills 63 

62.  Abdomen  terminated  by  two  or  three  long  feathery  gill-processes 

Larvae  of  Plectoptera 
Abdomen  with  short  end-processes Larvae  of  Megaloptera 

63.  Lower  lip  strong,  extensile,  and  furnished  with  a  pair  of  opposable  hooks 

Larvae  of  Odonata 
Lower  lip  not  capable  of  being  thrust  forward  and  not  hooked 64 

64.  The  three  divisions  of  the  thorax  loosely  united;  antennae  and  caudal  filaments 

long  and  slender Larvae  of  Plecoptera 

Thoracic  divisions  not  constricted;  antennae  and  caudal  filaments  short 

Larvae  of  Coleoptera 

65.  Body  flattened 66 

Body  strongly  compressed;  mouth  formed  as  a  sharp  inflexed  beak;  jumping 

species.     Fleas SUCTORIA.     (Page  72) 

66.  Mouthparts  formed  for  biting  (chewing) 67 

Mouthparts  formed  for  piercing  and  sucking 68 

67.  Mouth  inferior;  cerci  long;  African  species  parasitic  on  rodents 

DIPLOGLOSSATA    (Page  14) 
Mouth  anterior;  no  cerci;  generally  elongate-oval  insects  with  somewhat  tri- 
angular head;  parasites  of  birds  or  mammals.     Biting-lice 

MALLOPHAGA    (Page  18) 

68.  Antennae  exserted,  visible,  though  rather  short 69 

Antennae  inserted  in  pits,  not  visible  from  above 

Pupiparous  DIPTERA     (Page  61) 

69.  Beak  unjointed;  tarsi  formed  as  a  hook  for  grasping  the  hairs  of  the  host;  per- 

manent parasites.     Lice SIPHUNCULATA     (Page  18) 

Beak  jointed;  tarsi  not  hooked;  temporary  parasites 

HEMIPTERA     (Page  76) 

70.  Legless,  grubs,  maggots  or  borers;  locomotion  effected  by  a  squirming  motion. 

Larvae  of  some  beetles,  flies,  moths,  ants,  bees  and  wasps.     If  living  in  the 
body  of  wasps  or  bees,  with  the  head  exposed,  compare  the  females  of 
Strepsiptera. 
Sedentary  forms,  incapable  of  locomotion 71 


12  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

71.  Small  degraded  forms  bearing  little  superficial  resemblance  to  insects,  ^ith  a 

long  slender  beak,  and  usually  covered  with  a  waxy  scale  or  powder  or  cot- 
tony tufts;  living  on  various  plants.     Scale  insects 

HOMOPTERA     (Page  73) 

Body  quiescent,  but  able  to  bend  from  side  to  side;  not  capable  of  feeding, 

enclosed  in  a  skin  which  is  tightly  drawn  over  all  the  members,  or  which 

leaves  the  limbs  free  but  folded  against  the  bodj^;  sometimes  free,  sometimes 

enclosed  in  a  cocoon  or  in  a  shell  formed  from  the  dried  larval  skin 72 

72.  The  skin  encasing  the  legs,  wings,  etc.,  holding  the  members  tightly  against  the 

body;  prothorax  small;  a  proboscis  showing 73 

Legs,  wings,  etc.,  more  or  less  free  from  the  body;  biting  mouthparts  show- 
ing   74 

73.  Proboscis  long;  four  wing-cases;  sometimes  in  a  cocoon.  .Pupse  of  Lepidoptera 
Proboscis  short;  two  wing-cases Pupae  of  Diptera 

74.  Prothorax  small,  fused  into  one  piece  with  the  mesothorax;  sometimes  enclosed 

in  a  loose  cocoon Pupse  of  Hymenoptera 

Prothorax  larger  and  not  closely  fused  with  the  mesothorax 75 

75.  Wing-cases  with  few  or  no  veins Pupse  of  Coleoptera 

Wing-cases  with  a  number  of  veins Pupae  of  Neuropteroid  Orders 


^ 


ORDER   GRYLLOBLATTOIDEA. 


Elongate,  flattened,  wingless  insects  measuring  over  one  inch  in 
length.  Head  nearly  horizontal,  free,  ej^es  small,  no  ocelli,  anten- 
na? long  and  thread-like,  arising  from  the  front  of  the  head,  mandi- 
bles strong;  prothorax  large,  quadrate,  free;  legs  formed  for  run- 
ning, similar,  coxae  close  together,  tarsi  five-jointed;  cerci  long, 
filiform,  eight-jointed,  ovipositor  long  and  sword-shaped. 
(Grylloblatta.)      (PI.  %  fig.  19.) GRYLLOBLATTIDiE 


V 


ORDER   ORTHOPTERA. 

{ULONATA,  part;  SALTATORIA) 
Small  to  large,  jumping  species  usually  possessing  a  device  on  the 
wings  for  making  a  creaking  sound;  hind  femora  almost  always 
very  much  stouter  basally,  or  longer,  or  both,  than  the  middle 
femora;  wings  of  adults  reposing  over  the  abdomen,  the  fore  wings 
toughened,  narrower  and  thicker  than  the  membranous,  plaited 
hind  pair;  sometimes  the  wings  vestigial  or  completely  absent; 
head  usually  vertical;  ovipositor  almost  always  free;  mouthparts 
conspicuous,  mandibulate;  metamorphosis  gradual,  the  young 
resembling  the  adults,  but  with  the  small  wings  in  a  reversed 
position  in  the  last  two  nymphal  stages,  the  hind  wings  then 
overlapping  the  fore  wings. 

1.  Antennje  almost  always  shorter  than  the  body,  generally  thread-like  and  never 

distinctly  tapering,  joints  distinct,  often  flattened;  ocelli  three;  tarsi  three- 
jointed,  alike  on  all  the  legs;  ovipositor  short;  auditory  organs,  if  present,  at 

the  base  of  the  abdomen 2 

Antennss  generally  longer  than  the  body,  filamentous,  delicately  tapering; 
ocelli  often  absent;  ovipositor  usually  long;  auditory  organ  usually  near  base 
of  front  tibiae 3 

2.  Claws  with  a  pad  (arolium)  beneath  and  between  them;  pronotum  at  most 

extending  over  only  the  extreme  base  of  the  abdomen  (PI.  1.  fig.  7);  fore 
wings  generally  well  developed.  Locusts,  Grasshoppers.  (Melanoplus 
[M.  sprehis.  Rocky  Mountain  locust],  Chortophaga,  Hippiscus,  Dissosteira 

\D.  Carolina,  Carolina  locust].)     (PL  1,  fig.  8) ACRIDirD.(E 

Claws  without  arolium;  pronotum  extending  over  the  abdomen  (PI.  1,  fig.  6); 
fore  wings  vestigial,  consisting  of  small  scales  at  the  base  of  the  usually  large 
hind  wings.     Grouse-locusts,  Pigmy  locusts.     (Tettix)     (PI.  1,  figs.  10,  11.) 

TETTIGID^ 
13 


1-4  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

3.  Tarsi  four-jointed;  ovipositor  usually  long  and  sword-shaped;  ocelli  generally 

absent;  fore  wings,  when  present,  with  the  sides  sloping.  Katydids,  Green 
or  long-horned  grasshoppers.  (Scudderia,  Conocephalus,  Ceuthophilus 
[Cave-cricket].)     (PI.    1,   figs.  2,  3,  4.)     {TETTIGOMD.E,  PHASGOX- 

URID^) LOCUSTIDiE 

Tarsi  three-jointed;  ovipositor,  when  present,  exserted  and  needle-shaped, 
sometimes  upcurved  or  with  the  tip  enlarged;  fore  wings,  when  present,  flat 
above,  and  with  the  sides  bent  abruptly  downward.     (GRYLLODEA) .  .  .4 

4.  Front  legs  more  or  less  broadened  and  fitted  for  burrowing;  females  without 

ovipositor 5 

Front  legs  slender,  fitted  for  walking;  female  with  needle-shaped  ovipositor, 
which  may  sometimes  be  reduced  in  size.  Crickets.  (Gryllus,  CEcanthus 
[Tree  crickets],  MyrmecophUa.)     (PL  1,  figs.  12,  13.)     {ACHETIDM) 

GRYLLID^ 

5.  Two  large  oceUi;  front  tibiae  dilated,  their  outer  edge  strongly  toothed;  hind 

femora  scarcely  enlarged;  tarsi  three-jointed;  over  25  mm.  in  length.     Mole 

crickets.     (GryUotalpa.)    (PI.  1,  figs.  9,  14.) GRYLLOTALPEDiE 

Three  small  ocelli;  front  tibise  scarcely  dilated,  but  with  three  or  four  strong 
spines  at  ape.x;  hind  femora  greatly  enlarged;  tarsi  one-jointed;  less  than 
10  mm.  in  length.     (Tridactylus.)     (PI.  1,  fig.  5.) .  . .  .TRIDACTYLIDiE 

ORDER  PHASMOIDEA. 

{GRESSORIA) 

Large,  wingless,  slow-moving,  slender,  plant-eating  insects  with 
long,  thin  legs.  Body  narrowly  cylindrical,  head  rather  hori- 
zontal, generally  rounded,  ocelli  often  absent;  mouth  rather 
anterior,  mandibles  strong,  antennae  coarse,  comprising  more  than 
twenty  joints;  prothorax  very  short,  front  legs  similar  to  the 
others,  coxae  small  and  distant,  tarsi  five-jointed;  cerci  present 
but  unsegmented.  Metamorphosis  very  slight.  Walking-sticks. 
Diapheromera,  Bacfllus.)      (PI.  1,  fig.  1.) PHASMID^ 

ORDER  DIPLOGLOSSATA. 

{DERMODERMA  P  TERA .) 

IModerate  sized,  flattened,  wingless  species  parasitic  on  rodents. 
Head  movable,  rather  horizontal,  mouth  underneath,  mandibles 
strong,  no  eyes,  antennse  short;  prothorax  free,  large;  legs  alike, 
tarsi  three-jointed;  cerci  long,  but  unsegmented.  Metamorphosis 
imperceptible. 

One  family  HEMIMERID-S,  restricted  to  South  Africa. 


Dermaptera — Thysanoptera.  15 

ORDER  DERMAPTERA. 

{E  UPLEXOP  TERA ;  E  UDERMAP  TERA .) 
Elongate,  but  small  insects  with  the  abdomen  terminating  in  a 
pair  of  strong  movable  forceps.  Fore  wings  horny,  but  short,  hind 
wings  large,  nearly  circular,  radially  folded  from  near  the  center 
(PI.  1,  fig.  18),  when  folded,  projecting  slightly  beyond  the  upper 
pair;  mouth  mandibulate;  antennae  long  and  slender.  Metamor- 
phosis incomplete.     Earwigs. 

1.  Metapygidium  and  telson  not  reduced,  nearly  as  large  as  the  pygidium  which 

is  relatively  small;  head  depressed,  truncate  or  concave  posteriorly;  femora 
compressed  and  usually  keeled;  tropical  earwigs.     (Pyragra,  Pyragropsis.) 

(PI.  1,  fig.  15.) PYGmiCRANID^ 

Metapygidium  and  telson  much  reduced,  very  greatly  smaller  than  the  pygidium 
which  is  relatively  very  large  and  sometimes  with  complex  processes 2 

2.  Metapygidium  and  telson  although  reduced  in  size,  still  present  as  distinct 


1,  fig.  17.) LABIDURID^ 


plates,  if  sometimes  lost  in  the  pygidium,  the  latter  is  fused  with  the  last  ^^ 
dorsal  segment  to  form  a  horizontal  squamopygidium;  femora  not  com-  ^ 
pressed    or   keeled;    head    gently    convex.     (Anisolabis,   Labidura.)     (PI.        J" 


Metapygidium  not  distinct;  pygidium  well  developed,  often  provided  with  com-  ** 

plex  processes 3  q 

3.  Second  joint  of  tarsi  simple,  not  lobed  nor  dilated.     (Labia,  Prolabia.)  (E 

LABIIDiE  d. 
Second  joint  of  tarsi  with  a  dilated  lobe  on  each  side.   (Forficula,  Doru.)     (PI. 

1,  fig.  16.) FORFICULID^ 

\       ORDER  THYSANOPTERA. 

{PHYSOPODA) 
Small  or  minute,  slender  species  with  the  wings  often  absent  or 
reduced  in  size,  feeding  usually  on  plant  sap.  Head  vertical^ 
free;  eyes  well  developed;  usually  three  ocelli;  mouthparts  fitted 
for  sucking,  inferior,  frequently  asy  metrical;  pro  thorax  free; 
wings,  when  present,  very  narrow,  usually  with  long  marginal 
fringes,  the  venation  greatly  reduced;  legs  similar,  tarsi  one-  or 
two-jointed,  with  a  bladder-like  or  hoof -like  enlargement  at  tip; 
no  cerci.  Metamorphosis  gradual,  the  young  very  similar  to 
the  adult. 

1.  Female  with  a  saw-like  ovipositor  (PI.  2,  fig.  31);  last  segment  of  female  abdo- 
men conical,  that  of  the  male  broadly  rounded;  wings  usually  present,  the 
fore  pair  strongest,  usually  with  more  or  less  well  developed  veins  and 


16  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

always  at  least  one  longitudinal  vein  reaching  from  base  to  apex;  wing 

membrane  with  microscopic  hairs.     (Suborder  TEREBRANTIA) .  .  .2 

Female  without  a  modified  ovipositor,  the  last  segment  of  the  abdomen  tubular 
in  both  sexes;  wings  often  absent,  both  pairs  similar  in  structure,  the 
fore  wings  with  only  a  median  longitudinal  vein  which  does  not  reach  to  the 
tip  of  the  wing;  wing  membrane  without  microscopic  hairs.  (Suborder 
TUBULIFERA.)     (Phlceothrips,  Trichothrips,  Cryptothrips.) 

PHL(EOTHRiPID.ffi 
£.  Ovipositor  curved  upwards;  fore  wings  broad,  rounded  and  with  prominent 

veins;  antenna;  nine-jointed.     (.Solothrips) MOLOTYiRiPJDM 

Ovipositor  curved  downwards;  wings  when  present  usually  narrow  and  pointed 
at  tips;  antennae  seven-  to  ten-jointed.  (Thrips  [T.  tdhaci.  Onion  Thrips] 
Euthrips  [E.  pyri.  Pear  Thrips;  E.  tritici.  Strawberry  Thrips],  Heliothrips 
[H.  hcemorrhoidalis.  Greenhouse  Thrips].)     (PI.  2,  figs.  21,  31.) 

THRIPID.ffi 

V 

ORDER   MANTOIDEA. 

Large,  poor-flying,  deliberate-moving,  predatory  species  with 
long,  spined  front  legs,  which  are  formed  for  grasping  prey.  Body 
elongate;  head  freely  movable,  not  inserted  in  the  prothorax,  eyes 
prominent ;  three  ocelli ;  mouth  inferior,  mandibles  strong,  antennae 
filament-like,  comprising  many  similar  joints;  prothorax  always 
lengthened  and  movable;  wings  dissimilar,  overlapping  on  the 
abdomen;  cerci  jointed.  Metamorphosis  incomplete.  Praying 
Mantis. 
(Stagmomantis.)     (PI.  2,  fig.  22.) MANTID.S 


^       ORDER  BLATTOIDEA. 
'      iOOTHECARIA,  CURSORIA.) 

Moderate-sized,  broadly  oval,  flattened,  quick-running  insects. 
Head  free  but  inflexed  so  as  to  be  nearly  or  quite  concealed  be- 
neath the  pronotum,  the  mouth  posterior  or  nearly  so,  mandibles 
strong,  usually  two  ocelli;  antennae  long,  filamentous,  many- 
jointed;  prothorax  large,  movable,  usually  transverse;  wings 
when  present  overlapped  on  the  abdomen;  fore  wings  parchment- 
like, containing  many  veins,  hind  wings  radially  folding;  legs 
strong,  alike,  coxae  large;  cerci  prominent  and  jointed.  Metamor- 
phosis slight.     Roaches. 

(Phyllodromia,    {=Blattella)    [P.   germdnica,    Croton    bug],   Periplaneta,   Isch- 
noptera,  Blatta.)     (PI.  2,  figs.  23,  25.) BLATTID.S 


Zoraptera — Isoptera — Corrodentia.  17 

W—      ORDER  ZORAPTERA. 

Minute,  wingless,  agile,  terrestrial,  predatory  species.  Body 
flattened,  head  somewhat  inclined,  antennae  moniliform,  nine- 
jointed,  mandibles  strong,  eyes  vestigial;  thorax  as  long  as  the  ab- 
domen, prothorax  large;  abdomen  with  ten  segments,  cerci  one- 
jointed;  legs  similar,  formed  for  running,  tarsi  two-jointed. 

One  family,  ZOROTYPID.S,  restricted  to  tlie  East  Indies.     (PL  2,  fig.  26.) 

^       ORDER  ISOPTERA. 

Small  to  middle-sized,  elongate,  feeble  insects  living  in  colonies 
and  occurring  as  sexual  individuals,  soldiers  and  workers;  usually 
with  weak  chitinization.  Head  large,  free,  rather  vertical,  eyes 
and  ocelli  present  or  absent,  mandibles  often  large,  antennae 
filamentous;  prothorax  large,  free;  legs  similar,  formed  for  run- 
ning, tarsi  apparently  four-jointed;  wings  similar,  narrow  and 
long,  superimposed  over  the  abdomen,  soldiers  and  workers  wing- 
less; cerci  short.  Metamorphosis  very  imperfect.  White  ants, 
Termites. 

Tarsi  with  an  apiral  sole-like  pad;  eyes  present,  mandibles  toothed;  pronotum 
flat;  wings  reticulate;  fontanel  absent.     (Termopsis,  Calotermes.) 

PROTERMITIDiE 

Plantula  absent;  mandibles  not  strongly  toothed;  pronotum  convex;  wings  not 
strongly  reticulate;  vertex  with  fontanel.  (Termes,  Eutermes.)  (PI.  2,  figs.  24, 
27,   28.)    {METATERM1TID.E) TERMITIDiE 


ORDER   CORRODENTIA. 

(PSOCOPTERA,  COPEOGNATHA.) 

Small  or  minute,  mandibulate  insects  with  long  slender  antennae, 
the  body  rather  stout,  the  prothorax  small,  tarsi  two- or  three- 
jointed.     Metamorphosis  incomplete. 

Wings  well  developed;  ocelli  present.  Bark  living  insects.  (Caecilius,  Psocus.) 
(PI.   2,  fig.   29.) PSOCIDyE 

Wings  absent,  or  at  most  a  single  small  pair  of  mesothoracic  wings  present;  ocelli 
absent.  (Troctes,  [T.  divinatbria.  Book-louse],  Atropos,  Psocinella.)  (PI. 
2,  fig.  30.) ATROPIDiE 


18  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 


V 


ORDER  MALLOPHAGA. 

iLIPOPTERA.) 

Small  wingless  insects  averaging  two  mm.  and  very  rarely  over 
five  mm.  in  length.  Body  oval,  or  elongate,  very  strongly  flattened; 
usually  strongly  chitinized  and  generally  with  a  conspicuous  color 
pattern  of  pale  or  yellowish  markings  contrasting  with  spots  or 
bands  of  dark  brown  or  black.  Mouth  anterior,  mandibles 
strong,  antennae  three-  to  five-jointed;  prothorax  free;  legs  short, 
no  cerci.  Metamorphosis  very  incomplete.  External  parasites 
of  birds,  more  rarely  of  mammals  during  entire  life,  feeding  on 
feathers,  fur  or  skin.     (Bird  Lice,  Biting  Lice.) 

1.  Antennae  filamentous,  exposed,  three-  or  five-jointed;  maxillary  palpi  absent; 

mandibles    vertical;    meso-    and    metathoracic    segments    usually    fused. 

Suborder   ISCHNOCERA 2 

Antennae  tlavate  or  capitate,  concealed,  four-jointed;  maxillary  palpi  four- 
jointed;  mandibles  horizontal;  meso-  and  metathoracic  segments  with  a 
sutural  line  usually  visible.     Suborder  AMBLYCERA 3 

2.  Antennsethree-jointed;  tarsi  with  a  single  claw;  infesting  mammals.  (Trichodectes    \^ 

[T.  latus.  Dog  Louse].) TRICHODECTrD.E 

Antennae  five-jointed;  tarsi  with  two  claws;  infesting  birds.  (Docophorus, 
Nmnus,  Lipefirus.)     (PI.   2,  figs.  34.  35.) PHILOPTERID.S 

3.  Tarsi  with  a  single  claw;  infesting  mammals.     (Gyropus.) .  .  .GYROPODIDjE 
Tarsi  with  two  claws;  infesting  birds   (except  in  a  few  cases).     (Menopon, 

Trmoton.) LIOTHEIDiE 

ORDER   SIPHUNCULATA. 

(ANOPLURA,     PSEUDORHYNCHOTA,     PARASITA,     PHTHIRAPTERA. 
ELLIPOPTERA.) 

Small,  more  or  less  flattened,  wingless  parasites  of  mammals. 
Head  free,  horizontal;  eyes  reduced  or  absent;  mouth  anterior, 
comprising  an  unjointed,  fleshy  beak;  antennae  short;  thorax 
fused;  legs  similar;  tarsi  single-jointed,  forming  a  claw  at  the  end 
of  the  tibia;    no  cerci;    metamorphosis  very  slight.     True  lice. 

1.  Body  flattened;  spiracles  only  at  each  side  of  the  mesothorax  and  on  abdominal 
segments  three  to  eight;  antennae  three-  or  five-jointed;  tibia  with  a  thorn- 
shaped  projection 2 

Body  thick  and  stout;  mesothorax  and  metathorax  each  with  a  pair  of  spiracles 
as  well  as  abdominal  segments  two  to  eight;  eyes  absent;  tibia  with  a  stout, 
short,  thorn-like  projection;  antennae  four-  or  five-jointed;  entire  body  sup- 
plied with  thorn-like  bristles.    (Echinophthirius.)..ECHINOPHTHIRirD.£ 


nX 


Hymenoptera.  19 

2.  Eyes  large,  convex,  distinctly  pigmented;  fulturse  very  strong  and  broad  arms; 
proboscis  short,  hardly  reaching  the  thorax.  (Phthirius  [P.  inguinalis. 
Crab-louse]  Pediculus  [P.  cdpifis,  Head-louse;   P.  vestimenti.  Body-louse]), 

(PI.  2,  figs.  32,  33) PEDICtJLID-^ 

Eyes  very  indistinct  or  wanting;  fulturse  very  narrow  and  closely  applied  to  the 
pharynx;  beak  very  long.     (Haematopinus  [//.  uriw5,  Hog-louse].) 

HiEMATOPINID^ 

ORDER  HYMENOPTERA. 

{PHLEBOPTERA) 

Moderate  sized,  small  or  minute,  rarely  very  large;  four  mem- 
branous wings,  the  fore  pair  larger  and  more  completely  veined; 
venation  rather  complete  but  not  complex,  sometimes  greatly  re- 
duced; mouth-parts  mandibulate,  but  the  maxillse  usually  adapted 
for  lapping  liquid  food;  antennae  variable;  ocelli  present;  pro- 
thorax  not  free;  legs  similar;  tarsi  usually  five-jointed;  abdomen 
usually  with  six  or  seven  visible  segments;  no  cerci;  ovipositor  of 
female  usually  sting-like,  sometimes  saw-like,  occasionally  greatly 
elongate.  Metamorphosis  complete;  larvae  legless  in  the  higher 
forms.  Habits  variable,  phytophagous,  predatory,  or  parasitic. 
Saw-flies,  Wood-wasps,  Ichneumon-flies,  Ants,  Wasps  and  Bees. 

1.  Abdomen  broadly  sessile,  attached  over  a  large  area  (PI.  4,  fig.  83);   larvse  with 

legs  present,  usually  well  developed;  trochanters  two-jointed  (PI.  4,  fig.  63); 
hind  wing  with  three  basal  cells.  Suborder  CHALASTOGASTRA 
{=SYMPHYTA,      SESSILIVENTRES,      PHYTOPHAGA,       TERE- 

BRANTIA) 2 

Abdomen  petiolate  or  subpetiolate,  never  broadly  sessile  (PI.  4,  figs.  76,  77); 
larvae  legless;  trochanters  one-  or  two-jointed;  hind  wing  with  less  than 
three  basal  cells.     Suborder  CLISTOGASTRA  (=  APOCRITA) 12 

2.  Fore  wings  with  three  radial  cells,  i.  e.  two  radial  crossveins  present;  antennae 

many  jointed,  but  with  the  three  basal  joints  strongly  developed,  the  third 
very  long.      (Macroxyela,  Xyela,  Odontophyes)  (PI.  3,  fig.  36) 

XYELID^ 

Fore  wings  with  only  one  or  two  radial  cells,  only  one  or  no  radial  crossvein 

present 3 

3.  Costal  cell  divided  by  a  distinct  longitudinal  vein  (the  subcosta);  antennae  slen- 

der, becoming  very  thin  apically,  many-jointed;  radial  cell  with  one  cross- 
vein.    (Pamphilius)  (=  Lyda),  Neurotoma,  Bactrocerus  {LYDIDM) 

PAMPHILirDiE 
Costal  cell  not  divided 4 

4.  Anterior  tibiae  with  a  single  apical  spur 5 

Anterior  tibiae  with  two  apical  spurs.     Saw-flies.    (TENTHREDINOIDEA.)  .  8 


>/ 


20  Key  to  Families  of  \orth  American  Insects. 

5.  Fore  wings  with  only  two  cubital  cells;  antennae  inserted  much  below  the  lower 

margin  of  the  eyes,  beneath  a  frontal  ridge;   vertex  tuberculate.     (Oryssus) 

ORYSSIDiE 
Fore  wings  with  three  or  four  cubital  cells 6 

6.  Pronotum  nearly  truncate  or  weakly  emarginate  behind;  mesonotum  short. 

not  extending  much  beyond  the  anterior  margin  of  the  teguL-e;  abdomen 
more   or  less   compressed;    antennse  filiform,  many-jointed.     (Cephus  [C.     v 

pygmmis.  Wheat-stem  Saw-fly],  Janus.) CEPHIDvE 

Pronotum  deeply  cm-ved  or  emarginate  behind;  mesonotum  longer,  extending 
well  beyond  the  anterior  margin  of  the  tegulse 7 

7.  Parapsidal  furrows  present;  fore  wings  with  a  transverse  intercostal  vein;  no 

triangular  plate  at  the  apex  of  the  abdomen;  prothorax  conical.    (Xlphydria.) 

XIPHYDRIIDiE 

Parapsidal  furrows  absent;  fore   wings  without  an  intercostal  vein;  apex  of 

abdomen  with  a  triangularly  shaped  plate;    prothorax  subquadrate.     (Tre- 

mex,  Sirex,  Paururus)   (PI.  3,  fig.  39)  {UROCERIDM) SIRICIDiE 

8.  First  parapterum  (a  small,  more  or  less  triangular  plate  just  behind  the  pro" 

thoracic  spiracle  and  above  the  mesopleura)  present 9 

First  parapterum  absent;  mesosternum  not  separated  from  the  mesopleura  by 
an  impressed  line  (Acordulecera) PTERYGOPHORIDiE 

9.  Abdomen  angled  laterally  so  that  the  dorsal  sclerites  are  sharply  divided  into 

a  dorsal  and  ventral  surface;    antennae  clubbed.     (Cimbex  [C.  amcricana. 

Willow  Saw-fly],  Trichiosoma,  Zaraea) CIMBICIDiE    ^ 

Abdomen  not  sharply  angled  laterally;  antennae  not  clubbed 10 

10.  Mesopleura  separated  from  the  mesosternum  by  an  impressed  line;    antennae 

three-jointed,  the  third  joint  very  long  (HyI6toma(=  Arge),  Sterictiphora) 

HYLOTOMIDiE 

Mesopleura  not  separated  by  an  impressed  line;  antennae  with  more  than  six 

joints 11 

11.  Antennae  serrate  (female)  or  pectinate  (male),,  eighteen-  to  twenty-six-jointed.     ^ 

(Diprion   (=  Lophyrus)   [Pine  Saw-flies] DIPRIONIDiE 

Antennae  filamentous,   with  seven  to  twelve,  usually  nine,  joints.      (Dolerus, 
Nematus,  Macrophya,  Tenthredella)  (PI.  3,  fig.  37) .  .  TENTHREDINID^ 

12.  Hypopygidium  divided,  or  never  closely  united  with  the  pygidium,  the  ovi- 

positor issuing  some  distance  before  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  from  its  ventral 

surface  (PI.  4,  fig.  79) 13 

Hypopygium  entire  and  closely  united  with  the  pygidium,  the  sting  or  ovi- 
positor always  issuing  from  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  (PI.  4,  fig.  82) 44 

13.  Winged 14 

Wingless 25 

14.  Fore  wings  with  a  stigma  which  is  rarely  very  slender  or  linear;    costal  vein 

well  developed  as  far  as  the  stigma  (PI.  3,  figs.  42,  43);  abdomen  usually 
with  the  ventral  segments  membranous  and  with  a  median  fold;  antennae 
usually  with  more  than  sixteen  joints;  wing  venation  ordinarily  well  de- 
veloped.     (ICHNEUMONOIDEA.) 15 


^ 


Hymenoptera.  21 

Fore  wings  without  a  stigma,  the  marginal  vein  if  present,  linear,  not  stigmated; 
costal  vein  entirely  absent  or  much  thinner  than  the  subcostal  (PI.  3,  figs. 
44,  46);  abdomen  with  the  ventral  segments  hard  and  chitinous,  without 
a  median  fold;  antennie  with  not  more  than  sixteen  joints  (in  our  genera); 
wings  with  very  incomplete  venation 22 

15.  Costal  and  subcostal  veins  separated,  enclosing  a  narrow  costal  cell  (PI.  3,  fig. 

38) 16 

Costal  and  subcostal  veins  confluent,  no  costal  cell  (PL  3,  fig.  42) 18 

16.  Abdomen  inserted  on  the  thorax  far  above  the  hind  cox*;   antennae  with  thir-  / 

teen  or  fourteen  joints.    (Foenus,  Evania,  Pristaulacus)  (PI.  3,  figs.  38,  43).      k 

EVANilD^ 
Abdomen  inserted  normally,  low  down  and  quite  close  to  the  hind  coxte.  .  .17 

17.  Antennse  fourteen- join  ted;  body  of  the  abdomen  beyond  the  petiole  compressed, 

ovate  or  rounded;    ovipositor  short.     (Ropronia.) ROPRONHDiE 

Antennse  very  slender,  with  thirty  joints  or  more;  abdomen  elongate;  ovipositor 
long.      (Stephanus.) STEPHANIDiE 

18.  Mandibles  abnormal,  their  attachment  reversed  so  that  the  cutting  edges  face 

outward,  laterally  instead  of  inward,  and  so  do  not  meet  when  the  jaws  are 

closed.     (Dacnusa,  Aphaereta,  Alysia.) ALYSIID^ 

Mandibles  normal,  their  tips  meeting  when  closed 19 

19.  Ventral  abdominal  segments  soft  and  membranous,  with  a  median  fold 20 

Ventral  abdominal  segments  hard,  chitinous,  without  a  median  fold;  second  and 

third  segments  covering  most  of  the  abdomen.    (Myersia,  Thaumatot3rpidea.) 

MYERSIID^ 

20.  Front  wings  with  two  recurrent  nervures  (except  in  the  rare  genus  Pharsalia) ; 

none  of  the  dorsal  abdominal  segments  fused  together,  all  freely  movable. 
(Ichneumon,  Cryptus,  Limnerium,  Ophion,  Tryphon,  Pimpla)  (PI.  3,  fig.  42;  / 

PI.  4,  fig.  63;   PI.  5,  fig.  85) ICHNEUMONIDiE       ^ 

Front  wings  with  only  one  recurrent  nervure  (PI.  3,  fig.  40);  second  and  third 
segments  of  abdomen  usually  immovably  united 21 

21.  Abdomen  inserted  on  the  thorax  high  above  the  hind  cox«;  rare  insects.    (Cap- 

it6nius  (=  Cenocoelivs).) CAPITONIIDiE 

Abdomen  inserted  close  to  the  hind  coxfe;  a  very  exteasive  group.  (Lysiphlebus, 
Meteorus,  Chelonus,  Microgaster,  Bracon,  Rhogas)  (PI.  3,  fig.  40;  PI.  4, 
fig-  76) BRACONIDiE 

22.  Sides  of  the  pronotum  extending  back  to  the  tegula?;    antenna^  not  elbowed. 

Gall  Flies.    (CYNIPOIDEA.) 23 

Pronotum  not  extending  back  to  the  tegulse  (PI.  4,  fig.  73) ;  antenna?  more  or 
less  distinctly  elbowed.     Chalcis  Flies  (CHALCIDOJDEA.) 30 

23.  Dorsal  abdominal  plates  meeting  along  the  venter,  and  entirely  enclosing  all 

the  ventral  plates,  except  sometimes  a  part  of  the  hypopygium.     (Eucoila, 

AUotria.) FIGITIDiE 

Dorsal  abdominal  plates  usually  extending  well  down  on  the  sides  of  the  abdo- 
men, but  not  meeting  along  the  venter;  all  or  nearly  all  of  the  ventral  plates 
visible 24 


/ 


22  K&y  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

24.  Basal  joint  of  hind  tarsi  twice  as  long  as  the  others  united,  the  second  with  a 

long,  spined  process  externally;  abdomen  greatly  compressed,  curved  like  a 
pruning  knife,  much  longer  then  the  remainder  of  the  body.     (Ibalia.) 

IBALIIDiE 
Basal  joint  of  hind  tarsi  much  shorter;  second  joint  simple.     (Andricus,  Hoi-    ^/ 
caspis,  Neuroterus,  Synergus)  (Pi.  3,  6g.  46) CYNIPEDjE 

25.  Antennre  distinctly  elbowed  (PI.  4,  figs.  69,  70,  71).     A  few  genera  distributed 

among  the  families  of  Chalcidoidea.     (See  couplet  30.) 
Antennre  not  elbowed  (PI  5,  fig.  85) 26 

26.  Mandibles  in  a  reversed  position,  the  tips  extending  laterally  and  not  meeting 

when  closed  (see  couplet  18.) A  few  ALYSIIDiE 

Mandibles  attached  normally 27 

27.  Abdominal  petiole  expanded  apically,  not  cylindrical  (PI.  5,  fig.  85.) 28 

Abdominal  petiole  cylindrical  (see  couplet  22.) A  few  CYNIPOIDEA 

28.  Ventral  abdominal  segments  soft,  with  a  median  fold 29 

Ventral  segments  hard,  without  a  fold.     (See  No.  19.) MYERSIID.^,  part 

29.  All  dorsal  abdominal  segments  free.  (See  couplet  20.) 

A  few  ICHNEUMONID.^ 
Second  and  third  dorsal  segments  usually  immovably  grown  together.     (See        y 
couplet  21.) ] A  few  BRACONID^    ^ 

30.  Hind  wings  exceedingly  narrow,  linear,  the  base  forming  a  long  stalk;   oviposi- 

tor issuing  barely  before  the  tip  of  the  abdomen;    antennae  with  the  scape 
not  elongated,  compressed,  and  without  ring  joint;    very  minute  sjjecies 

with   long  wing-fringe.     (Polynema,  Gonatocerus.) MYMARED.^ 

Hind  wings  never  very  narrow,  not  linear  or  pedunculate  at  the  base;  ovipositor 
issuing  decidedly  before  the  tip  of  the  abdomen;  antennte  elbowed  (PI.  4, 
figs.  69,  70,  71),  with  long  scape  and  usually  with  from  one  to  three  ring 
joints • 31 

31.  Tarsi  five-jointed  (rarely  four-jointed  or  less  in  certain  wingless  males);  axillae 

with  their  anterior  margin  usually  straight  and  not  produced  anterior  to  the 

tegulae  (PI.  4,  fig.  68);  spur  of  front  tibia  strong 32 

Tarsi  three-  or  four-jointed  (five-jointed  or  heteromerous  only  in  the  females  of 
one  or  two  genera) ;  axilla?  produced  forward,  their  front  margin  opposite  or 
anterior  to  the  tegulse  (PI.  4,  fig.  73);  spur  of  front  tibia  usually  weak.  . .  .42 

32.  Head  of  female  long,  oblong,  with  a  deep  longitudinal  groove  above;  front  and 

hind  legs  very  stout,  middle  ones  very  slender  or  aborted;    males  wingless 
with  short  three-  to  nine-jointed  antennae.     Fig  insects,  mainly  tropical. 

(Blastophaga,  Eiseniella.) AGAONIDjE 

Of  a  different  conformation 33 

33.  Mesopleura  with  an  oblique  femoral  groove  or  impression;  spur  of  middle  tibia 

not  enlarged 34 

Mesoplem-a  entire,  always  without  femoral  groove  in  the  female  and  usually  in 
the  male;  spur  of  middle  tibia  usually  very  large  and  stout.  (Eupelmus, 
Anastatus,  Encyrtus,  Ageniaspis)  (incJuding  EUPELMID.E). 

ENCYRTID.^ 


Hymenoptera.  23 

34.  Hind  tibiae  with  two  apical  spurs 35 

Hind  tibiae  with  a  single  spur;  ovipositor  rarely  long;  mandibles  usually  stout, 

with  three  or  four  teeth  at  the  apex;  small  black,  bronzed  or  metallic  species. 
(Pteromalus,  Dibrachys,  Spalangia,  Diglochis)  (PI.  4,  fig.  68). 

PTEROMALID^ 

35.  Mandibles  sickle-shaped,  usually  with  one  or  two  teeth  within;   thorax  greatly 

elevated,  scutellum  usually  much  enlarged  and  produced  behind;  second 
abdominal  segment  very  large,  generally  covering  the  rest  of  the  abdomen. 

(Kapala,  Orasema.) EUCHARID^ 

Mandibles  strong,  generally  with  three  or  four  teeth  at  apex ;  thorax  not  or  very 
slightly  elevated;  axillae  separated  from  the  mesonotum 36 

36.  Hind  coxae  very  large,  long;  five  or  six  times  larger  than  the  front  ones 37 

Hind  coxae  never  (in  our  genera)  very  large;  not  conspicuously  larger  than  the 

front  ones 39 

37.  Hind  coxae  more  or  less  triangular  in  section,  sharply  ridged  above;   ovipositor 

generally  long;  hind  femora  usually  simple,  rarely  swollen  and  with  a  tooth 
beneath;  if  denticulate  beneath,  the  o\dpositor  is  long.  (Callimome  (=  Tory- 
vius),  Diamorus,  Monodontomerus,  Podagrion,  Ormyrus)  {TORY M ID. E). 

CALLIMOMIDiE 

Hind  coxae  long,  more  or  less  cylindrical,  hind  femora  greatly  swollen  and 

toothed  or  denticulate  beneath,  their  tibiae  curved,  and  oblique  at  apex .  .  38 

38.  Fore  wings  folded  longitudinally  in  repose;    ovipositor  long,  curving  upwards 

and  backwards  over  the  dorsum  of  the  abdomen  (Leucospis). 

LEUCOSPID^ 
Fore  wings  not  folded;  ovipositor  only  very  rarely  long,  then  not  thus  upcurved; 

tip  of  abdomen  often  drawn  out  as  a  slender,  stiff  process.     (Chalcis,  Phas-         / 
gonophora,  Spilochalcis,  Smicra.) CHALCIDID.^ 

39.  Pronotum  wide,  not,  or  scarcely  narrower  than  the  mesonotum,  quadrate.  .  .40 
Pronotum  narrower,  usually  narrowed  in  front,  or  transverse-linear,  rarely  as 

wide  as  the  mesonotum 41 

40.  Abdomen  rounded  or  ovate,  more  or  less  compressed,  the  hypopygium  usually 

produced  in  the  female;  second  dorsal  segment  never  very  large;  black  or 
yellowish  species.     (Isosoma  [Joint  worms],  Evuytoma,  Decatoma)   (PI.  4, 

fig.  72) EURYTOMIDiE 

Abdomen  subtriangular,  small;  thorax  very  large;  metallic  or  submetallic 
species;  second  and  third  dorsal  segments  occupying  most  of  the  surface  of 
the  abdomen.     (Perilampus.) PERILAMPIDiE 

41.  Mesepisternum  not  large  and  triangular;  none  of  the  femora  noticeably  swollen; 

small  bronzed  or  green  species.     (Eunotus,  Semiotellus,  Tridymus.) 

MISCOGASTRLD^ 

Mesepisternum  large  and  triangular;   either  the  front  or  hind  femora  more  or 

less  swollen  and  sometimes  serrate;   more  or  less  metallic  species  (Cheiro- 

pachys,  Cleonymus,  Ptinobius) CLEONYMH).^ 

42.  Hind  coxae  normal;   mesopleura  impressed 43 

Hind  coxae  much  enlarged  and  dilated  (PI.  4,  fig.  64),  their  femora  compressed; 

marginal  vein  greatly  elongated;  very  small,  usually  blackspecies.  (Elasmus.) 

ELASMID.^ 


24  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

43.  Tarsi  four-jointed  (five-jointed  or  heteromerous  in  the  females  of  one  or  two 

genera);  pubescence  of  wings  not  placed  in  rows  or  lines;  wings  not  usually 
broad  (PI.  -t,  fig.  80).     (Tetrastichus,  Aphelinus,  Melittobia,  Sympiesis.) 

EULOPHLD^ 

Tarsi  three-jointed;  wings  broad,  with  the  pubescence  usually  arranged  in  Itands 

or  lines;  marginal  and  stigmal  veins  united  to  form  a  strongly  recurved  stem. 

(Pentarthron  (=  Trichogrdmma) TRICHOGRAMMATIDiE 

44.  Pronotum  extending  back  to  the  tegulse,  or  the  latter  absent;  trochanters  some- 

times two-jointed 45 

Pronotum  shortened,  more  or  less  collar-shaped  (PI.  4,  fig.  75),  not  extending 
back  on  the  sides  to  the  tegulae;  trochanters  one-jointed 76 

45.  Trochanters  two-jointed,  the  second  joint  sometimes  difficult  to  detect  in  the 

smaller  forms  as  it  is  sometimes  closely  attached  to  the  femur 46 

Trochanters  consisting  of  a  single  joint 52 

46.  Mandibles  with  four  teeth;   hind  wing  with  two  large  closed  cells;    moderate- 

sized,  often  brightly  colored  species.     (Lycogaster.) .  .  .  .  TRIGONAL 6lD.ffi 

Mandibles  with  not  more  than  three  teeth;  hind  wing  usually  without  a  closed 

cell,  rarely  with  one;   small  or  minute,  generally  black  species 47 

47.  Antennse  inserted  far  above  the  clypeus,  near  the  middle  of  the  face,  often  on  a 

frontal  prominence 48 

Antennae  inserted  low  down  on  the  face,  close  to  the  upper  margin  of  the 
clypeus  (PI.  5,  fig.  86)    50 

48.  Winged 49 

Wingless  (See  couplet  49) A  few  DIAPRIID-ffi 

49.  Marginal  vein   in   fore   wings  linear,  not  triangularly  thickened;    mandibles 

with  teeth  at  tip.  Wings  with  or  without  a  basal  cell;  radial  cell  in  fore 
wing  sometimes  present;  antennae  usually  inserted  on  a  frontal  prominence. 
(Paramesius,  Tropidopria,  Trichopria,  Belyta,  Pantoclis)  (including  BELY- 

TIDM) DIAPRIIDiE 

Marginal  vein  in  fore  wings  thickened  and  forming  a  well  developed  stigma; 
mandibles  toothed,  tip  of  abdomen  simple,  fore  wings  with  a  closed  dis- 
coidal  cell.    (Heloras.) HELORIDJE 

50.  Abdomen  acute  or  sharply  marginal  along  the  sides 51 

Abdomen  rounded  on  the  sides;  wings,  when  present,  with  the  radial  vein  de- 
veloped, but  not  complete,  leaving  the  radial  cell  open;  no  postmarginal 
vein.     (Ceraphron,  Megaspilus)  (PI.  5,  fig.  85) CER^HRONID.^ 

51.  Antennae  ten-jointed,  rarely  with  fewer  joints,  but  never  more;    front  wings 

without  marginal  or  stigmal  veins  and  usually  without  a  subcostal  vein  also. 

(Polygnotus,  Isocybus,  Platygaster.) PLATYGASTRID^ 

Antennae  twelve-  or  eleven-jointed  (if  rarely  seven-  or  eight-jointed  the  club 
is  unjointed,  or  if  ten-jointed  the  stigmal  vein  is  present) ;  marginal  and  stig- 
mal vein  usually  present.    (Telenomus,  Teleas,  Caloteleia,  Scelio.) 

SCELIONID^ 

52.  First  segment  of  abdomen  forming  a  scale  or  node  (PI.  4,  fig.  65  (1);    fig.  67 

(1,2));  second  segment   often   also   nodiform,    the   highly    mobile    pedicel 


Hymenoptera.  25 

strongly  differentiated  from  the  remainder  of  the  abdomen;  tegulse  ab- 
sent or  much  reduced;  workers  wingless.  Ants  (Formica,  Camponotus, 
Lasius,  Myrmica,  Crematogaster,  Ponera)  (PI.  4,  figs.  65,  67).  (Including 
PONEHII)^,  DOLICHODERID/E,  MYRMICID^)  . .  .FORMICID^ 
First  segment  of  abdomen  not  scale-like  or  nodiform,  although  sometimes 
constricted  at  apex 53 

53.  Winged 54 

Wingless,  or  with  the  wings  reduced  in  size 72 

54.  Hind  wings  without  distinct  venation,  with  no  closed  cells  (PI.  3,  fig.  47) .  .  .55 
Hind  wings  with  well  developed  venation,  with  two  basal  cells  and  usually  with 

the  radius  and  cubitus  extending  beyond  these  (PI.  3,  fig.  53) 61 

55.  Mandibles  in  a  reversed  position,  the  apices  directed  laterally  away  from  the 

mouth  opening;    abdomen  with  only  two  (female)  or  three  (male)  visible 
dorsal  segments,  the  first  covering  most  of  the  abdomen  (PI.  5,  fig  84) .    (Van- 

homia.) VANHORNIID-S 

Mandibles  in  the  normal  position,  their  tips  meeting  when  closed 56 

56.  Hind  wings  with  a  lobe  at  the  anal  angle,  separated  by  a  deep  sHt-shaped 

notch 57 

Hind  wings  oval,  without  a  deeply  separated  angle,  although  sometimes  broadly 
notched  on  the  hind  border 60 

57.  Abdomen  with  three  or  four,  rarely  five,  dorsal  segments;  metathorax  laterally 

with   sharp    keels  or  teeth;    ovipositor  tubular,  extensile,  several- jointed; 
body  usually  with  coarse  sculptvu-e  and  of  metallic  color.     (Chrysis,  Hedy- 

chrum,  Hedychridium,  Pamopes)  (PI.  3,  fig.  47.) CHRYSIDID^ 

Abdomen  with  at  least  six  dorsal  segments;  ovipositor  sting-like;  not  bril- 
liantly metallic  species 58 

58.  Head  oblong,  rather  flat  above;    antennae  inserted  at  the  clypeus,  twelve-  tO' 

thirteen-jointed    (twenty-three-jointed  in  one   rare  genus);   small,  usually 

black  or  bronzed  species,  often  wingless  in  the  female;  abdomen  more  or  less 

elongate.     (Epyris,  Pseudisobrachium,  Neoscleroderma) .  .  .  BETHYLIDjE 

Head  not  oblong 59 

59.  Head  globose  or  rounded;    antennae  thirteen-jointed  in  the  female,  ten-jointed 

in  the  male;  front  tarsi  of  female  simple.     (Ampulicimorpha.) 

EMBOLEMID^ 

Head  transverse  or  subquadrate;    antennae  ten-jointed;    front  tarsi  of  female 

usualfy  pincers-shaped  (PI.  5,  fig.  92).     (Dryinus,  Gonatopus,  Anteon,  Boc- 

chus) DRYINID.ffi 

60.  Fore  wings  with  a  broad  stigma  and  a  closed,  usually  very  short,  radial  cell; 

abdomen  with  a  short,  cylindrical  petiole,  the  second  segment  much  longer 
and  larger  then  the  others;  small  species  (PI.  5,  fig.  88).    (Serphus  (=  Proc- 

totrypes)) {PROCTOTRYPIDM)     SERPHID^ 

Stigma  vei-y  long  and  narrow;  radial  cell  large,  widely  open  apically;  abdomen 
very  long  and  slender,  and  composed  of  equal  cylindrical  segments  (female) 
or  clubbed,  with  the  slender  first  segment  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the  abdomen 
(male)  (PI.  3,  fig.  41).    (Pelecinus.) PELECINED^ 


56  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

■61.  Wings  folded  once  longitudinally  when  at  rest;   first  discoidal  cell  in  fore  wings 
extraordinarily   lengthened,   much   longer  than  the  submedian;    antennae 

distinctly  elbowed 62 

Wings  not  folded  when  at  rest 63 

•62.  Tarsal  claws  simple;   mandibles  not  grooved  on  outer  side;  social  species,  con- 
structing paper-like  nests  (PI.  3,  fig.  53).     (Polistes  [Paper-wasps],  Vespa 

[Hornets  and  Yellow-jackets]) VESPIDiE 

Tarsal  claws  with  one  or  more  teeth  beneath;   mandibles  with  grooves  exter- 
nally; solitary  species  (PI.  3,  fig.  59).     (Odynerus,  Eumenes  [Potter-wasps].) 

EUMENID^ 
t53.  Second  ventral  segment  not  separated  from  the  first  by  a  strong  constriction 

or  trans^•e^se  furrow 64 

Abdomen  with  the  second  ventral  segment  separated  from  the  first  by  a  strong 
constriction  or  transverse  furrow;  legs  very  often  formed  for  digging.  .  .  .66 
64.  Legs,  especially  the  hind  pair  very  much  lengthened,  the  hind  femora  attaining 
the  apex  of  the  abdomen  or  extending  beyond,  tibia?  and  tarsi  nearly  always 
spiny  or  serrate;  middle  tibije  with  two  spurs.  (Pseudagenia,  Psanunoch- 
ares  (=  Pdmpilus),  Pepsis,  Ceropales.) 

{CEROPALIDM,  POMPILID.E)  PSAMMOCHARID^ 
Legs  much  shorter,  the  tips  of  the  hind  femora  reaching  not  or  only  slightly 

beyond  the  middle  of  the  abdomen;   tibiae  and  tarsi  smooth 65 

^5.  Metanotum  posteriorly  concave;   antennae  enlarged  at  the  tip  or  clubbed,  the 
club  joints  more  or  less  fused.     (Masaris,  Pseudomasaris,  Euparagia.) 

MASARID^ 

Metanotum  truncate  or  rounded  behind;    antennae  not    thickened  apically, 

none  of  the  joints  fused.     (Sapyga,  Eusapyga.) SAPYGED^ 

66.  Middle  coxae  separated  (usually  widely  so)  by  a  bilobed  or  triangular  prolonga- 

tion of  the  mesosternum 67 

Middle  coxae  contiguous,  not  separated  by  the  mesosternum 69 

67.  Tarsal  claws  cleft;   male  hypopygium  ending  in  an  upturned  spine 68 

Tarsal  claws  simple;  eyes  emarginate  within;  hypopygium  of  male  ending  in 

three  spines;  usually  large,  brightly  colored  wasps  (Scolia,  Elis.)  SCOLIID^ 
•68.  Male  with  the  pygidium  deeply  emarginate  at  apex,  the  eyes  emarginate  within- 

the  stigma  narrow;   female  with  the  radial  cell  in  the  fore  wing  closed  and 

often  separated  from  the  costa  (PI.  3,  figs.  48,  49).  (Myzine.)  MYZINIDiE 
Male  with  the  pygidium  entire,  the  stigma  broad;   female  with  the  radial  cell 

in  the  fore  wing  usually  open  and  the  first  discoidal  cell  not  elongated;  eyes 

entire  in  both  sexes.     (Tiphia,  Paratiphia.) TIPHilD-S 

■69.  Hind  wings  with  an  anal  lobe,  separated  by  a  deep  linear  notch 70 

Hind  wings  without  an  anal  lobe,  at  most  obtusely  emarginate  on  the  posterior 

basal  margin 71 

70.  Fore  wings  with  the  radial  and  the  first  and  second  discoidal  cells  very  long, 

each  fully  four  times  as  long  as  high;  abdomen  with  a  long,  claviform  petiole; 

rare  West  Indian  insects.     (Rhopalosoma.) RHOPALOSOMATID.S 

Fore  wings  of  a  different  conformation;    abdomen  either  petiolate  or  sessile. 

(Myrmosa,  ChyphStes.) Males  of  the  MYRMOSIDiE 


PROPERTY  Ol- 

X.  p.  METCAL-F 

Hymenoptera.  27 

71.  Cubitus  in  hind  wing  originating  at  or  beyond  the  transverse  median  nervure; 

our  species  small,  with  shining  body.     (Sierolomorpha.) COSILID.^ 

Cubitus  in  hind  wing  arising  far  before  the  transverse  median  nervure;  body 
almost  always  conspicuously  pilose  (PI.  3,  fig.  45).      (Mutilla,  Sphaeroph- 

thalma,  Ephuta,  Pseudomethdca) Males  of  the  MUTiLLIDiE 

7!2.  Thorax  undivided,  the  pro-,  meso-  and  metathorax  consoHdated  into  a  single 
piece,  without  visible  sutures  between  them.     (See  couplet  71.) 

Females  of  the  MUTILLED^ 
Thorax  with  at  least  one  complete  transverse  suture 73 

73.  Thorax  divided  into  two  parts.     (See  couplet  70.) 

Females  of  the  MYRMOSID^ 
Thorax  divided  into  three  parts 74 

74.  Head  long,  usually  distinctly  longer  than  broad,  flattened  above,  the  front 

horizontal;  legs  stout.    (See  couplet  58.) .  .  Some  females  of  the  BETHYLID.^ 
Head  transverse,  subquadrate  or  rounded 75 

75.  AntennsE  twelve-jointed;   anterior  tarsi  not  pincers-shaped  (Methoca) 

THYNNH)-^ 
Antennje  ten-jointed;   front  tarsi  usually  pincers-shaped  (PI.  5,  fig.  9'2).     (Gon- 

atopus.)     (See  couplet  59.) DRYiNID.S,  part 

Antennse  thirteen-jointed;   wings  present  as  small  pads.     (See  No.  71.) 

A  few  male  MUTILLID^ 

76.  Hind  tarsi  slender,  filiform,  the  first  joint  not  broadened  or  thickened;  hairs  on 

body  simple.    Wasps 77 

Hind  tarsi  with  the  first  joint  thickened  or  flattened,  often  densely  hairy;  hairs 
of  body  feathery  or  branched.     Bees 93 

77.  Middle  tibiae  with  a  single  apical  spur,  or  rarely  with  none 78 

Middle  tibiae  with  two  spurs 86 

78.  Fore  wings  with  only  one  cubital  cell  which  is  sometimes  fused  with  the  first 

discoidal  (PI.  3,  fig.  58) 79 

Fore  wings  with  two  or  three  cubital  cells  (PI.  3,  fig.  5*2) 81 

79.  Eyes  not  emarginate 80 

Eyes  deeply  emarginate  within,  a  second  cubital  cell  indistinctly  defined.    (See 

'  couplet  82.) TRYPOXYLONID^ 

■80.  First  cubital  cell  separated  from  the  first  discoidal;   scutellum  and  postscutel- 
lum  simple,  without  spines  or  scales,  eyes  divergent  above.     (Crabro,  Ana- 

crabro.) CRABRONIDiE 

First  cubital  and  first  discoidal  cells  confluent;  scutellum  with  a  marginal  lam- 
ella on  each  side;  postscutellum  with  a  spine  or  forked  process;  eyes  con- 
vergent above.     (Oxybelus,  Notoglossa.) OXYBELID^ 

81.  Abdomen  strongly  constricted  between  the  first  and  second  segments 82 

Abdomen  without  a  strong  constriction  between  the  first  and  second  seg- 
ments   83 

82.  Fore  Avings  with  two  cubital  cells;    the  second  usually  weakly  defined,  some- 

times not  indicated;  abdomen  petiolate,  long,  slender,  and  enlarged  apically; 
eyes  deeply  emarginate  within.      (Trj^joxylon.) TRYPOXYLONID.^ 


28  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

Fore  wings  with  three  cubital  cells;  second  often  petiolate;  abdomen  sessile  or 
subsessile,  usually  constricted  between  the  segments;  eyes  rarely  emargin- 
ate  (PI.  3,  fig.  54).    (Philanthus,  Cerceris,  Eucerceris.).  . PHILANTHID.S: 

83.  Abdomen  sessile 84. 

Abdomen  petiolate  or  subpetiolate;  two  or  three  cubital  cells,  transverse  median 

nervure  not  S-shaped,  hind  wing  usually  twice  emarginate  on  the  basal  half 
of  the  posterior  border;  usually  rather  small  black  species.  (Psen,  Cemonus, 
Stigmus,  Passaloecus.)    (Including  Mimesid,e  and  Pemphredoxid.e.) 

PSENID.E 

84.  Labrum  large,  free,  triangularly  elongated  beyond  the  clj^peus,  much  longer 

than  wide;  radial  cell  not  divided  near  the  apex;  oceUi  more  or  less  aborted 

(PI.  3,  fig.  5i).    (Bembex,  Monedula,  Microbembex.) BEMBEClDiE 

Labrum  small,  usually  entirely  concealed  by  the  clypeus;  radial  cell  usually 
divided  by  a  crossvein  near  apex,  the  portion  beyond  the  crossvein  less 
clearly  defined;   at  least  the  front  ocellus  perfectly  formed 85 

85.  Second  cubital  cell  petiolate,  very  rarely  absent;  third  either  present  or  absent; 

three  perfectly  formed  ocelli;  small  species.    (Miscophus,  Plenoculus.) 

NITELID^ 
Second  cubital  cell  present  not  petiolate;    hind  ocelli  frequently  aborted  (PI. 

3,  fig.  51;  PI.  5,  figs.  87,  89).    (Astata,  Lyroda,  Tachysphex,  Tachytes.) 

LARRID^ 

86.  Abdomen  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  constriction  between  the  first  and  second 

segments,  the  first  segment  broader  at  tip  than  at  base;  middle  coxae  in 
contact;  second  cubital  cell  not  receiving  a  reciurent  nervure;   rare  species. 

(Mellinus.) MELLINID^ 

Abdomen  not  constricted  between  the  first  and  second  segments;  middle  coxae 
separated  by  the  sternum  (some  metallic  green  Chrysididse  (see  couplet  57) 
may  lead  out  here;  they  have  the  abdomen  sessile,  with  less  than  six  dorsal 
segments,  and  the  pronotum  though  long  does  not  quite  reach  the  tegula?) .  87 

87.  Mesosternum  produced  into  a  forked  process  posteriorly,  the  mesepisternum 

not  separated;    parapsidal  furrows  distinct;    pronotum  conically  produced 

in  front.    (Rhinopsis.) AMPULICIDjE 

Mesosternum  not  produced  backwards,  the  mesepisternum  separated;  parap- 
sidal furrows  indistinct  or  absent;  pronotum  not  conically  produced 88 

88.  Abdomen  with  a  distinct  slender,  nearly  cylindrical  petiole  (PI.  3,  fig.  57;   PI. 

4,  figs.  75,  77).  (Chalybion,  Sceliphron  {  =  Pelopwus)  Sphex  {=  Ammd-phila) . 
Chlorion  {=Sphcx,  Priononyx,  Isodontia)  SPHECIDjiE 

Abdomen  sessile  or  subsessile,  never  with  a  slender  petiole 89 

89.  Labrum  free,   well  developed,  triangular  or  semicircular,   wider  than   long. 

(Stizus,  Sphecius.) STIZIDjE 

Labrum  short,  not  or  scarcely  exserted  beyond  the  clypeus 90 

90.  Marginal  cell  broadly  truncate  at  apex  and  prolonged  as  a  small,  weakly  defined 

cell;  antennae  inserted  close  to  the  clypeus  or  very  close  to  the  clypeal  suture. 

(Astata,  Diploplectron) Subfamily  AsT.\TiN^  of  the  NYSSONED.^ 

Marginal  cell  pointed  at  apex,  not  appendiculate;  antennae  inserted  far  above 
the  clypeus,  always  away  from  the  clypeal  suture 91 


Hymcnoptera.  .  29 

91.  Fore  wings  with   the  second  cubital  cell  petiolate,  rarely  triangular;    meso- 

pleural  furrow  wanting  or  indicated  only  anteriorly 92 

Fore  wings  with  the  second  cubital  cell  broadly  sessile,  not  triangular,  receiv- 
ing both  recurrent  nervures;  mesopleural  furrow  complete,  usually  deep 
(PI.  3,  fig.  56).     (Pseudoplisus,  Gorytes,  Hoplisodes.) GORYTlDyE 

92.  Metathorax  with  the  upper  hind  angles  acute  or  produced  as  stout  spines;  pro- 

notum  short  medially,  strongly  transverse;    short,  stout  species.     (Nysson, 

Brachystegus) NYSSONIDiE 

Metathorax  with  the  hind  angles  rounded  or  obtuse;  pronotum  subquadrate; 
slender  species.    (Alyson,  Didineis) ALYSONIDiE 

93.  Hind  tibiae  without  apical  spurs;  eyes  hairy;  marginal  cell  very  long.     (PI.  4, 

fig.  81 ;   PI.  5,  fig.  91.)     (Apis  [A.  melllfera.  Honey-bee]) APID^ 

Hind  tibiae  with  apical  spurs 94 

94.  The  cheeks  separating  the  eyes  from  the  mandibles  longer  than  the  pedicel  of 

the  antennae;  social  bees;  large,  densely  hairy  species  with  contrasting  black 
and  yellow  or  sometimes  also  orange  pile.  Bumble-bees.   (Bombus,  Psith3Tus) 

BOMBIDiE 

Eyes  nearly  or  quite  reaching  to  the  base  of  the  mandibles;    solitary  bees  of 

different  appearance 95 

95.  Tongue  short,  broad,  obtuse  and  emarginate  at  apex  (COLLETIFORMES) .  .  96 
Tongue  more  or  less  elongate,  pointed  and  not  emarginate;  no  ventral  abdom- 
inal brush  of  hairs.    (ANDRENIFORMES) 97 

Tongue  long  and  very  slender.    (PI.  5,  fig.  91.) .99 

96.  Black  bees  with  httle  hair;  fore  wings  with  only  two  cubital  cells;   face  almost 

alwaj's  with  yellow  or  white  markings;   nearly  always  small  species.     (Pro- 

sopis) PROSOPID^ 

Hairy  bees;  fore  wings  with  three  cubital  cells;  moderate-sized  species.  (Col- 
letes) COLLETID^ 

97.  Tongue  more  or  less  short,  dagger-like;  radial  cell  pointed;  usually  three  cubital 

cells;  maxillary  palpi  six-jointed;  burrowing  bees.  (Andrena,  Halictus, 
Augochlora,  Agapostemon,  Sphecodes.) ANDRENIDiE 

Tongue  elongate,  though  not  so  long  as  in  some  of  the  higher  groups;  only  two 
submarginal  cells  (except  in  Protandrena  which  has  three) ;  never  brilliantly 
metallic,  though  rarely  with  the  head  and  thorax  green;  often  with  yellow 
markings.     (Panurgus) PANURGID.S 

Tongue  elongate;  parasitic  bees,  usually  highly  ornamented,  and  with  no  pol- 
len-collecting apparatus 98 

Tongue  very  long;  first  two  joints  of  labial  palpi  elongate,  sheath-like,  last 
two  minute;  hairy,  pollen-collecting  bees,  the  males  often  with  long  an- 
tenna?,  and   usually  with   the  clj-peus  yellow.     Melissodes,  Anthophora, 

Hemisia  (=  Centris),  Diadasia) ANTHOPHORID.^ 

.98.  Maxillary  palpi  six-jointed;  usually  wasp-like  in  appearance,  with  bright  yel- 
low and  often  red  colors;  almost  always  with  three  cubital  cells;  marginal 
cell  pointed  on  cpsta.     (Nomada) NOMADIDiE 

Maxillary  palpi  two-  to  six-jointed;  usually  robust  bees  with  conspicuous  mark- 
ings due  to  hair,  but  without  yellow  tegumentary  markings.  (Epeolus, 
Triepeolus,  Bombomelecta,  Neopasites.) MELECTZD.^ 


(/ 


30  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

99.  Fore  wings  with  two  cubital  cells;  labial  palpi  with  the  basal  joints  much  elon- 
gated, the  apical  minute;  underside  of  abdomen  of  female  with  a  pollen- 
collecting  scopa,    except  in  the  parasitic  genera.     (Coelioxys,  Megachile, 

Heriades,  Osmia,  Stelis,  Anthidium.) MEGACHiLID.E 

Fore  wings  always  (in  our  species)  with  three  cubital  cells,  the  marginal  cell 

narrow  and  as  long  as  the  cubitals  united 100 

100.  Hind  tibia  and  tarsus  of  female  with  a  dense  pollen-collecting  scopa;   stigma 

obsolete;   large  robust  bees,  mainly  tropical.     (Xylocopa) .  .  XYLOCOPID.^ 

Hind  tibia  and  tarsus  of  female  without  distinct  scopa;  stigma  large;  small 

bees.    (Ceratina) CERATINID^ 


ORDER   COLEOPTERA. 

{ELFMTERA  TA;  ELY  THRO  PTERA.) 

Moderate-sized,  small  or  minute,  more  rarely  very  large,  hard- 
bodied  insects;  head  free,  usually  prominent;  mandibles  well 
developed;  antennae  ten-  or  eleven-jointed,  sometimes  less,  very 
rarely  more;  ocelli  nearly  always  absent;  pro  thorax  free;  two  pairs 
of  wings,  the  front  pair  (elytra)  thickly  chitinized,  sheathing  the 
meso-  and  metathorax  and  also  nearly  always  the  abdomen, 
almost  always  meeting  in  a  straight  line  down  the  middle  of  the 
back;  hind  wings  occasionally  absent;  legs  homonomous,  the  tarsi 
usually  with  five  or  four  joints;  no  cerci.  Metamorphosis  com- 
plete, the  larvae  mandibulate.  A  very  large  and  widely  distributed 
group,  including  beetles  and  weevils. 

1.  First  ventral  segment  di\'ided  by  the  hind  coxal  cavities  (except  the  rare  Cupe- 

didse)  so  that  the  sides  are  separated  from  the  very  small  median  part,  the 
first  three  ventral  segments  immovably  united;  antennae  thread-like  or 
nearly  so;  hind  wings  with  one  or  two  crossveins  near  the  middle,  connecting 
the  first  and  second  branches  of  the  media  (PI.  7,  figs.  158,  159);  almost 

always  carnivorous  and  predatory.     Suborder  ADEPHAGA 2 

First  ventral  segment  visible  for  its  entire  breadth;  wing  without  such  cross- 
veins  (PI.  7,  figs.  160,  161).     Suborder  POL^PHAGA 8 

2.  First  three  ventral  segments  immovably  united 3 

Abdomen  with  five  free  ventral  segments;  metasternum  with  a  piece  in  front 

of  the  hind  coxae  marked  off  by  a  distinct  suture;  rare  bark  beetles.    (Cupes.) 

CUPEDID^ 

3.  Metasternum  with  a  transverse  triangular  antecoxal  sclerite  separated  by  a  well 

marked  suture,  reaching  from  one  side  to  the  other  and  extending  between 

the  hind  coxae  (PI.  6,  fig.  108) 4 

Metasternum  with  a  short  antecoxal  sclerite,  not  prolonged  posteriorly  between 
the  coxae,  the  suture  indistinct;  rare  semiaquatic  beetles.     (Amphizoa.) 

AMPHIZOIDiE 


Coleoptera.  31 

Metasternum  without  an  antecoxal  sclerite 6 

4.  Antennje  eleven-jointed;  hind  coxie  movable  and  simple;  terrestrial 5 

Antennae  ten-jointed;  hind  coxse  fixed,  expanded  so  as  almost  to  conceal  the 

base  of  the  abdomen  (PI.  4,  fig.  124);  small  water  beetles.     (Cnemiddtus, 
Haliplus.)  HALIPLID^ 

5.  Antennae  inserted  on  the  front,  above  the  base  of  the  mandibles;  eyes  promi- 

nent; head  vertical,  wider   than   the  thorax.     Tiger-beetles.     (Cicindela, 

Omus,  Tetracha.) CICINDELID-^ 

Antennae  inserted  on  the  sides  of  the  head,  between  the  base  of  the  mandibles 
and  the  eyes;  head  usually  held  horizontally  and  generally  narrower  than 
the  thorax.  Ground  beetles.  (Omophron,  Calosoma  [Caterpillar-hunter], 
Bembidium,  Platynus,  Brachinus  [Bombadier  beetle],  Pterostichus,  Har- 
palus,  Chlaenius)  (PI.  5,  fig.  97;  PI.  6,  fig.  108;  PI.  7,  figs.  158,  164). 

CARABID^ 

6.  Metasternum  prolonged  behind  as  a  triangular  process;  aquatic 7 

Metasternum  not  prolonged  between  the  coxae;  scutelium  absent;  antennae 

formed  like  a  string  of  beads;  rare  bark  beetles.    (Rhysddes)  (PI.  7,  fig.  146.) 

RHYSODID^ 

7.  Antennae   slender,  abdomen  with   six  segments;   eyes   two.     Diving   beetles. 

Water-tigers.     (Dytiscus,  Cybfster,  Acilius,  Agabus,  Colymbetes)    (PI.  5 

fig-  101) DYTISCIDiE 

Antenna;  short,  abdomen  with  seven  segments;  eyes  four.  Whirligig  beetles. 
(Gyrinus,  Dineutes)  (PI.  6,  fig.  117;  PI.  7,  fig.  147) GYRINED^ 

8.  Antennae  clubbed  or  not,  if  clubbed,  not  lamellate 9 

Antennae  with  the  last  three  to  seven  joints  enlarged  on  one  side  to  form  a  comb- 
like or  lamellate  club  which  can  often  be  opened  and  closed  (PI.  7,  figs. 
149,  150,  151);  legs  often  fitted  for  digging;  tarsi  almost  always  five-jointed, 
front  tarsi  of  some  dung  beetles  may  be  absent;  larvae  with  thick  curved 
body  and  well-developed  legs.    (Lamellicornia.) 114 

9.  Head  not  prolonged  into  a  beak;  palpi  flexible,  gular  sutures  double,  at  least 

before  and  behind;  prosternal  sutures  distinct,  proepimera  not  meeting 

behind  the  prosternum 10 

Head  generally  prolonged  and  snout-like  (PI.  6,  fig.  125),  palpi  nearly  always 
rigid;  gular  sutures  confluent  medially;  proepimera  united  behind  the  pro- 
sternum,  prosternal  sutures  wanting,  antennae  often  elbowed;  fourth  tarsal 
joint  usually  indistinct;  larvae  legless  or  with  short  legs.  (Rhynchophora.)  110 

10.  Fourth  and  fifth  tarsal  joints  not  immovably  united,  the  articulation  between 

them  like  those  between  the  other  joints  (PI.  7,  figs,  143,  168)  (If  rarely 

immovably  united  as  in  some  Erotylidae,  the  antennae  are  clavate) 11 

Fourth  tarsal  joint  minute,  fused  with  the  fifth;  tarsi  usually  densely  pubes- 
cent below,  the  first  three  joints  dilated  and  with  a  sole,  the  third  joint 
usually  bilobed  (PI.  7,  figs.  157,  167);  antennae  thread-like,  rarely  serrate  or 
thickened  apically;  plant  feeders.    (Phytophaga.) 108 

11.  Hind  tarsi  with  at  least  as  many  joints  as  the  others 12 

Hind  tarsi  four-jointed,  front  and  middle  tarsi  five-jointed.   (Heter6mera.)  86 


32  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

12.  Maxillary  palpi  slender,  almost  always  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  antennae; 

antennae  six-  to  nine-jointed,  the  outer  joints  forming  a  pubescent,  distinct 
club;  usually  aquatic,  convex  beetles.  Larvae  usually  with  cerci.  (Pal- 
picoRxiA.)    Water  scavenger  beetles.    (Hydrophilus,  Laccobius,  Hydrobius, 

Cercyon)  (PI.  C,  figs.  110,  111) HYDROPHILID^ 

Maxillary  palpi  much  shorter  than  the  antennae;  larvae  never  with  cerci.  (Di- 
VERsicoRNiA,  PoLYMORPHA,  or  Clavicornia  and  Serricornia) 13 

13.  Elytra  short,  exposing  much  of  the  abdomen;  dorsal  segments  of  abdomen 

entirely  horny  in  texture;  wings  usually  present  and  folded  beneath  the 

elytra,  crossveins  absent 14 

Elytra  covering  most  of  the  abdomen,  rarely  much  shortened,  in  which  case 
the  wings  are  wanting,  or  not  folded  beneath  the  elytra;  dorsal  segments 
partly  membranous 15 

14.  Abdomen  flexible,   seven  or  eight  ventral  segments,   body   usually  slender; 

scavengers.     Rove  beetles.    (Stenus,  StaphylTnus,  Tachyporus,  Philonthus) 

(PI.  5,  fig.  95) .STAPHYLINID.E 

Abdomen  not  flexible,  five  or  six  ventral  segments;  small  or  minute,  robust 
beetles.     (Bryaxis,  Batrisodes)   (PI.  7,  figs.  138,  148) . . .  PSELAPHEDjE 

15.  Tarsi  five-jointed  on  at  least  one  pair  of  legs,  and  almost  always  on  all  pairs .  .  16 
All  tarsi  with  less  than  five  joints 65 

16.  Last  tarsal  joint  long  and  with  very  large  claws  (PI.  7,  fig.  143);  first  three 

ventral   segments   grown   together;   small   aquatic   or  subaquatic   beetles. 

(Psephenus, Dryops, Ehnis)  {DRYOPIDM) PARNIDiE 

Tarsal  claws  normal;  all  ventral  segments  free  except  in  the  Colydiidae,  Heter- 
oceridae,  Buprestidae  and  some  Byrrhidse  which  are  not  aquatic 17 

17.  Abdomen  with  five  ventral  segments 18 

Abdomen  with  at  least  six  ventral  segments 50 

18.  Front  coxae  globular  or  transverse,  usually  projecting  but  little  from  the  coxal 

cavity;  trochanters  never  interstitial 19 

Front  coxae  more  or  less  conical  and  prominent 37 

19.  Front  coxae  transverse,  more  or  less  cylindrical , 20 

Front  coxae  globular 27 

20.  Hind  coxae  grooved  to  receive  the  femora 21 

Hind  coxae  flat  and  not  grooved 26 

21.  Strongly  convex  beetles  with  more  or  less  retractile  legs,  tibiae  dilated  and 

usually  grooved  near  the  outer  end  to  receive  the  tarsi,  tibial  spurs  dis- 
tinct   22 

Slightly  convex  oval  species  with  non-retractile  slender  legs;  tibial  spurs  more 
or  less  reduced 24 

22.  Antennae  inserted  at  sides  of  head 23 

Antennae  inserted  on  front,  head  retracted;  third  tarsal  joint  lobed;  thorax 

margined;   oval  tropical  species    (Chelonarium) CHELONARIID.^ 

23.  Head  prominent,  mentum  large,  elongate  and  subelliptical;  tarsi  not  lolxnl. 

(Nosodendron.) NOSODENDRIDiE 

Head  retracted,  mentum  small  and  quadrate;  (Amphicyrta,  Byrrhus). 

BYRRHIDiE 


Coleoptera.  33 

24.  Front  coxje  with  distinctly  separated  side-piece  (trochantin).     (Dascyllus.) 

DASCYLLIDiE 
Front  cox£E  without  trochantin 25 

25.  Posterior  coxae  at  most  moderately  dilated  internally.     (Cyphon)  (PI.  7,  figs. 

127,  129.)     {CYPHONIDM.) HELODID^ 

Posterior  coxse  very  large.     (Eucinetus.) EUCINETID.^ 

26.  Tarsi  more  or  less  dilated,  the  first  joint  not  shortened,  fourth  joint  very  small; 

elytra  usually  not  extending  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.     (Carpophilus,       / 

Omosita,  Nitiduia) NITIDULIDjE 

Tarsi  slender,  metatarsus  short;  elytra  entire,  never  truncate,  covering  the 
abdomen.  (Tenebrioides,  Peltis)  (PI.  7,  fig.  135)  {TROGOSlTlDjE, 
TEMNOCHIlIDM.) OSTOMAXm^ 

27.  First   and   second   ventral   segments   fused   or   immovably   united;    antennse 

serrate  (pectinate  in  the  male  of  Xenorhepis;  tarsi  with  membranous  lobes 
beneath;  hard-bodied  beetles,  of  more  or  less  metallic  color.  (Chalcophora, 
Chrysobothris  [C.  femorata.  Flat-head  orchard-borer],  Buprestis,  Agrilus) 

(PI.  5,  fig.  98.) BUPRESTIDiE      ^ 

All  ventral  segments  free,  except  in  very  rare  cases ' 28 

28.  Prosternum   prolonged  behind  into  a  process  which  is  received  in  the  meso- 

sternum 29 

Prosternum  without  such  backwardly  directed  process 31 

29.  Prothorax  loosely  joined  to  the  mesothorax,  freely  movable,  its  hind  angles 

usually  prolonged  backward  into  teeth;  prosternal  spine  loosely  received  in 
a  notch  in  the  mesosternum;  front  coxal  cavities  contained  entirely  in 
the  prosternum 30 

Prothorax  firmly  attached,  not  movable;  front  coxal  cavities  closed  behind  by     V 

the  mesosternum.      (Drapetes,  Throscus.) THR6SCID.ffi 

.30.  Labrum  visible;  prosternum  lobed  in  front;  beetles'  capable  of  mo\ing  the 
prothorax  by  its  basal  joint  with  a  sudden  clicking  motion.     Click-beetles, 
Wireworm  beetles.     (Alaus,  Elater,  Melanotus,  Drasterius,  Limonius)  (PI.   \y'^ 
7,  fig.  126.  128.) ELATERIDiE 

Labrum  concealed;  prosternum  not  lobed  in  front;  antennae  inserted  on  the 
front,  somewhat  distant  from  the  eyes;  not  able  to  leap  by  the  prothoracic 
joint.    (Fornax,  Microrhagus) EUCNEMID.S 

51.  Hind    coxae    in    contact;    body  very  small,   convex,   oval  or    rounded-oval. 

(Phalacrus,  Olibrus.) PHALACRIDjE 

Hind  coxae  not  in  contact,  although  closely  approximate  in  certain  very  much 
flattened  species 32 

52.  Elytra  shortened,  leaving  two  segments    of  the  abdomen  uncovered,  antennae 

elbowed,  very  strongly  clavate;  tibiae  compressed,  front  pair  usually  toothed. 

(Hister,  Saprinus,  Hololepta)  (PI.  7,  fig.  141.) HISTEREDjE 

Elytra  entire 33 

33.  Tibiae  dilated  and  toothed  externally;  large  tropical  beetles  with  strongly 

clubbed  antennae.     (Syntelia.) SYNTELIEDiE 

Tibiae  simple  or  linear,  at  most  the  front  pair  somewhat  dilated 34 

4 


y 


34  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

34.  Middle  coxal  cavities  open  externally,  i.  e.  not  closed  by  the  meeting  of  the 

meso-  and  metasterna;  body  elongate,  greatly  flattened.     (Silvanus,  Cftcu- 

jus,  Laemophloeus,  Brontes)  (PI.  5,  fig.  96.) CUCUJIDiE 

Middle  coxal  cavities  closed  externally  by  the  sterna 35 

35.  Prosternum  not  prolonged.     (See  couplet  74.) 

Tribe  Diphyllini  of  the  MYCETOPHAGID.aE 
Prosternum  prolonged  behind,  meeting  the  mesosternum 36 

36.  Front  coxal  cavities  open  behind  (PI.  6,  fig.  114);  small  or  minute  species. 

(Atomaria,  Cryptophagus) CRYPTOPHAGID.ffi 

Front  coxal  cavities  closed  behind  (PI.  G,  fig.  119);  larger  beetles,  usually  black, 
with  orange-red  spots.     (Megalodachne)  (PI.  7,  fig.  168). 

Group  DXcnes  of  the  EROTYLIDiE 

37.  Hind  coxge  dilated  into  plates  which  are  grooved  for  the  reception  of  the 

femora 38 

Hind  coxae  not  thus  dilated,  nor  grooved  for  the  reception  of  the  femora ....  42 

38.  Front  coxal  cavities  closed  behind  (PI.  6,  fig.  119) 3» 

Front  coxal  cavities  open  behind  (PI.  6,  fig.  114) 40 

39.  Second  and  third  joints  of  tarsi  lobed  beneath;  plate  of  hind  coxae  feeble;  small, 

pubescent  beetles.    (Byturus.) BYTURIDiE 

Tarsi  simple,  not  lobed;  small,  coarsely  punctured  beetles.     (Derodontus.) 

DERODONTID-^ 

40.  Antennae  with  the  last  three  joints  much  enlarged,  forming  a  strong  club; 

small,    or   rather   small,    often   scaly   beetles.      (Dermestes    [D.   lardarius. 
Larder-beetle]   Attagenus,  Anthrenus  [Museum-beetle,   Carpet-beetle])  (PI.        / 

5.  fig.  94;  PI.  7,  fig.  152) DERMESTID.S     "^ 

Antennae  not  capitate 41 

41.  Tarsi  with  a  large,  hairy  pad  (onychium)  between  the  claws;  moderate-sized 

or  large,  elongate-oval  beetles;  tibial  spurs  present,  small.     (Sandalus.) 

RHIPICERID.^ 

Onychium  not  developed  or  very  small;  no  tibial  spurs.     (Sitodrepa,  Anobia) 

(PI.  7.  fig.  131.) ANOBIIDiE 

42.  First  joint  of  tarsi  very  short  and  indistinctly  separated  from  the  second.  .43 
First  joint  of  tarsi  distinct,  when  rarely  very  short,  the  first  ventral  segment 

is  not  elongated  and  the  head  not  deflexed 44 

43.  First  ventral  segment  elongated,  always  much  longer  than  the  second;  antennae 

with  a  quite  distinct  two-jointed  club;  small  elongate  beetles  with  prominent 
head    not    covered    by    the    prothorax.     Powder-post    beetles.      (Lyctus) 

(PI.  5,  fig.  103.) LYCTIDiE 

First  ventral  segment  not  elongated;  antennal  club  three-  or  four-jointed;  head 
usually  deflexed  and  protected  by  the  prothorax;  dechvity  of  elytra  often 
toothed  or  spined;  elongate,  more  or  less  cylindrical  beetles.  (Sinoxylon, 
Bostrychus,  Polycaon  [P.  conjertus.  Prune-twig  borer],  Schistoceros 
[S.  hamatus=  Amphicerus  bicauddtus,  Apple-twig  borer])  {APA  TIDJ'^)      > 

BOSTRYCHIDiE 

44.  Hind  coxae  flat  or  oval,  not  prominent 45 

Hind  coxae  prominent  internally,  more  or  less  conical 48 


Coleoptera.  35 

45.  Fourth  joint  of  tarsi  extremely  short,  not  visible  from  above;  small  beetles  of 

rather  bright  colors.     (NecrSbia,  Phyllobaenus,  Pyticera)  (PI.  7,  fig.  133.) 

CORYNETIDiE 
Fourth  joint  of  tarsi  not  abnormally  short 46 

46.  Fifth  segment  of  abdomen  conically  produced,  as  long  as  the  three  preceding 

ones;  elytra  not  covering  the  abdomen  completely.     (Scaphidium,  Baeo- 

cera,  Scaphisoma) SCAPHIDilDiE 

Fifth  abdominal  segment  not  elongated  nor  conically  produced 47 

47.  Trochanters   attached   to   the  internal   margin   of   the   femora.     (Trichodes, 

Clerus,  Thanasimus)  (PI.  7,  fig.  132.) CLERID^ 

Trochanters   interstitial,  i.  e.  attached  to  the  base  of   the  femora.     (Ptinus, 
Mezium.) PTINID.^ 

48.  Antennie  capitate,  i.  e.  the  last  three  joints  forming  an  abrupt  club;  elytra 

truncate.     (Sphaerites.) SPILERITIDjE 

Antennae  simple,  not  clubbed 49 

49.  Front  coxse  with  a  distinct  side  piece  (trochantin).     (See  couplet  61.) 

Some  MALACHIID^ 
Front  coxae  without  trochantin;  long,  narrow  beetles.     (Lymexylon.) 

LYMEXYLONID^ 

50.  Front  coxae  flat,  rounded  or  globular,  small  and  not  prominent 51 

Front  coxae  conical,  prominent,  usually  large 54, 

51.  Front  coxae  flat,  elytra  not  longer  than  the  prothorax,  exposing  five  abdominal 

segments;  small  wingless  beetles  parasitic  on  beavers.     (Platypsyllus.) 

PLATYPSYLLIDiE 
Front  coxae  rounded  or  globular;  not  such  beetles 52 

52.  Presternum  prolonged  behind  into  a  process  which  is  received  in  a  notch  in 

the  mesosternura;  prothorax  loosely  attached  to  the  mesothorax 53 

Presternum  without  such  a  backwardly  directed  process;  eyes  very  small  or 
wanting;  rare  minute  beetles  living  in  the  nests  of  rodents.     (Leptinus.) 

LEPTINID.^ 

53.  Labrum  fused  with  the  front;  antennae  distant  at  base.     (Cebrio,  Scaptolenus.) 

CEBRIONID^ 
Labrum  free.     (Plastocerus,  Euthysanius.) A  very  few  Elateridae 

54.  Abdomen  with  six  ventral  segments 55 

Abdomen  with  seven  or  eight  ventral  segments 63 

55.  Fifth  segment  of  abdomen  conical,  as  long  as  the  three  preceding  segments 

together,  the  sixth  minute.     (See  couplet  46.) SCAPHIDnDjE 

Fifth  segment  not  conical  nor  excessively  elongated 5Q 

56.  Hind  coxae  flat,  not  prominent,  covered  by  the  femora  in  repose;  first  joint  of 

posterior  tarsi  usually  very  short  and  indistinct 57 

Hind  coxae  prominent,  at  least  internally 58 

57.  Tarsi  with  the  fourth  joint  of  normal  size;  pronotum  continuous  with  the 

propleura  (see  couplet  46) CLERID.^ 

Tarsi  with  the  fourth  joint  very  small  and  indistinct;  pronotum  separated  from 
the  flanks  by  a  marginal  line  (see  couplet  45) CORYNETIDiE 


y 


36  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

58.  Hind  coxae  widely  separated 59 

Hind  coxae  approximated  or  contiguous 60 

59.  Eyes  absent  (see  couplet  60) A  few  SILPHID^ 

Eyes  present,  coarsely  granulated;  small,  more  or  less  ovate,  brown  beetles. 

(Euconnus,  Connophron.) SCYDM^NIDjE 

60.  Tibial  spurs  large,  antennae  gradually  thickened  or  clavate;  hind  tarsi  slender, 

not  widened.     Carrion-beetles  (Necrophorus,  Sflpha,  Ptomophagus)  (PI.  6, 

fig.  109;  PI.  7,  figs.  136,  137.  139,  UO) SILPHIDiE 

Tibial  spurs  small  or  indistinct 61 

61.  Front  coxae  with  a  distinct  side  piece  (trochantin);  rather  small,  usually  soft- 

bodied  species.     (Malachius,  Collops)  {MELYRIDM).  .  .  MALACHIIDiE 
Front  coxae  without  trochantin 62 

62.  Elytra  shortened,  exposing  several  of  the  abdominal  segments;   very  small 

species.      (Micromalthus.) MICROMALTHIDiE 

Elytra  entire.     (Lymexylon,  Hyloccetus.) LYMEXYLONEDiE 

63.  Middle  co.xae  distant;  epipleurae  wanting;  elytra  usually  with  a  reticulate  sculp- 

ture;  no  phosphorescent  organs.     (Calopteron,  Eros.) LYCID^ 

Middle  coxae  in  contact;  epipleurae  distinct;  elytra  not  reticulate 64 

64.  Episterna  of  metathorax  sinuate  on  the  inner  side;  head  nearly  or  quite  covered 

by  the  thorax;  epipleurae  usually  wide  at  the  base  of  the  elytra;  phosphor- 
escent organs  generally  present.    Fire-flies.     (Lucidota,  Ellychnia,  Photinus, 

Photiiris,  Phengodes.) {MALACODtRMID.E)  LAMPYRTD.^ 

Episterna  of  metathorax  not  sinuate  on  inner  side;  head  not  at  all  covered 
by  the  thorax;  epipleurae  narrow  at  the  base;  no  phosphorescent  organs. 
(Chauliognathus,  Podabrus,   Telephorus.) TELEPHOIODiE 

65.  Tarsi  four-jointed,  front  ones  three-jointed  in  the  males  of  some  INIyceto- 

phagidae 66 

Tarsi  with  three  joints  or  less 76 

66.  Wings  fringed  with  long  hairs 67 

Wings  not  fringed 68 

67.  Hind  coxae  in  contact,   with  plates  at  least  partially  covering  the  femora. 

(Clambus,  Calyptomerus.) CLAMBIDiE 

Hind  coxae  distant,  transverse,  not  laminate;  third  joint  of  tarsi  small,  concealed 
in  the  bilobed  second  joint.  (Corylophodes,  Molamba.)  (CORY- 
LOPHID^.) ORTHOPERJD^ 

68.  Ventral  segments  all  free  and  movable 69 

Ventral  segments  one  to  foiu-  firmly  united,  immovable 75 

69.  First  tarsal  joint  greatly  dilated,  overlapping  the  very  minute  second  and 

third  joints  and  a  part  of  the  long  fourth  joint;  minute  trojjical  beetles 

(Adimerus)  (PI.  7,  fig.  163) ADIMERID^ 

First  tarsal  joint  not  thus  dilated 70 

70.  Front  coxae  transverse;  minute  fungus  beetles  (Cybocephalus)  (see  couplet  26). 

NITIDULID^,  part 
Front  coxae  not  transverse 71 


Coleoptera.  37 

71.  Front  coxae  globose '^^ 

Front  coxfe  oval ^^ 

72.  Tarsi  slender,  third  joint  distinct,  but  shorter  than  the  second;  very  small 

species.     (Rhymbus,  Rhanis)    (PI.   7,  fig.   142) MYCET^ID^ 

Tarsi  more  or  less  dilated  and  spongy  beneath;  elongate  beetles  with  hard  body 
and  strongly  clubbed  antenna;.     (Lang^ria,  Tritoma,  Erotylus.) 

EROTYLID^ 

73.  Front  coxce  almost  in  contact,  prosternum  more  or  less  membranous,   not 

visible  between  them.     (Georyssus.) GEORYSSID.^ 

Front  coxae  well  separated  by  the  horny  prosternum 74 

74.  Head  more  or  less  concealed  by  the  projecting  prothorax;  body  cylindrical. 

(Cis,  Ennearthron.) CIOID^ 

Head  free,  not  covered  by  the  prothorax;  body  oval,  depressed,  pubescent. 
(Mycetophagus,  Litargus.) MYCETOPHAGID^ 

75.  Antennte  thickened,  or  with  a  two-jointed  club;  tibiae  simple,  not  dilated  nor 

spinose.     (Ditoma,  Cerylon,  Philothermus.) COLYDIIDjE 

Antennae  with  a  large  serrate,  seven-jointed  club;  front  and  middle  tibiae 
dilated  and  armed  with  rows  of  spines.     (Heterocerus)  (PI.  7,  fig.144). 

HETEROCERrD.^ 

76.  Tarsi  three-jointed '^7 

Tarsi  with  less  than  three  joints 85 

77.  Wings  fringed  with  long  hairs 78 

Wings  not  fringed 80 

78.  Abdomen  with  only  three  ventral  segments;  very  small,  rare  beetles  occurring 

beneath  stones  in  the  Pacific  region.     (Sphaerius.) SPH^ERIIDiE 

Abdomen  with  six  or  seven  ventral  segments 79 

79.  Antennae  slender,  nine-  to  eleven-jointed,   with  whorls  of  long  hairs;  very 

minute,    shining    beetles    found    on    foliage.     (Nossidium,   Trichopteryx, 

Nephanes.)    {TRICHOPTERYGIDM.) PTILIID^ 

Antennae  short,  eight-jointed,  thickened  apically;  a  rare  aquatic  beetle  from 
California.     (Hydroscapha.) HYDROSCAPHID^ 

80.  Second  joint  of  tarsi  dilated;  the  third  joint  consisting  really  of  two  joints,  the 

small,  true  third  joint  being  fused  with  the  base  of  the  last  joint,  which  thus 

appears  as  the  third 81 

Second  tarsal  joint  not  dilated .  .82 

81.  Tarsal  claws  dilated  or  toothed  at  the  base;  first  ventral  segment  with  curved 

coxal    lines;    small,    rounded,    convex,    usually    brightly    spotted    beetles. 
"Lady-birds"  (Coccinella,  Hippodamia,  Adalia,  Megilla,  Anatis,  Epilachna) 

(PI.  6,  figs.  118,  120,  121,  123) COCCINELLID.^ 

Tarsal  claws  simple,  first  ventral  segment  without  coxal  lines;  small,  oblong 
or  oval  beetles,  often  with  a  striking  color  pattern.  (Endomychus,  Lyco- 
perdina,  Aphorista.) ENDOMYCHID^ 

82.  Elytra  entire 83 

Elytra  truncate,  exposing  the  last  abdominal  segment 84 


38  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

83.  Body  broadly  oval,  convex;  tropical  beetles.   (Aphaenocephalus)  (DISCOLOM- 

IDM,  PSEUDOCORYLOPHIDM) APHiENOCEPHALIDiE 

Body  more  elongate,  the  prothorax  narrower  than  the  elytra  and  often  marked 
with  elevated  lines.     (Corticaria,  Cartodere,  Melanophthalma)  (PI.  7,  fig. 

145) LATHRIDilD^ 

8-1.  Front  coxae  subtransverse;  maxillae  with  a  single  lobe.   (Tribe  Sniicriptini,  a 

rare  beetle  from  Florida)  (Smicrips.) NITZDULIDiE,  part 

Front  coxae  small,  rounded;  maxillae  bilobed;  small,  flattened  bark  beetles. 
(Monotoma,  Bactridimn.) MONOTOMLD.^ 

85.  Tarsi  apparently  two-jointed,  but  with  the  second  and  third  joints  very  minute. 

(PI.  7,  fig.  1G3).     (See  couplet  69) ADIMERID^ 

Tarsi  one-jointed;  minute  tropical  beetles  with  four-jointed  antennas  (Cyatho- 
cerus) CYATHOCERIDyE 

86.  Front  coxal  cavities  closed  behind  (PI.  6,  fig.  119) 87 

Front  coxal  cavities  open  behind  (PI.  6,  fig.  114) 93 

87.  Tarsal  claws  simple 88 

Tarsal  claws  pectinate;  usually  elongate,  convex  thinly  silky-pubescent  beetles. 

(Hymenorus,  Mycetochares)    {ALLECULID.E) CISTELIDiE 

88.  Ventral  segments  all  freely  movable  (If  the  mesosternum  is  carinate,  compare 

some  rare  Silphidae,  couplet  60) 89 

First  two  to  four  ventral  segments  more  closely  connected  together,  more  or 
less  fused  and  immovable 91 

89.  Front  coxal  cavities  separated  by  the  prosternum  (PI.  6,  fig.  119) 90 

Antennae  eleven-jointed;  front  coxal  cavities  confluent  (Othnius)  OTHNIID.^ 

90.  Elytra  entire;  small  convex  beetles  (Sphindus) SPHINDIDiE 

Elytra  truncate,   exposing  the  pygidium;  small  flattened  beetles    (males  of 

Rhizophagus)    (see  couplet  26) NITIDULIDiE 

91.  Five  ventral  segments 92 

Six  ventral  segments,  the  first  two  immovably  united;  a  small  black  beetle 

from  Alaska.     (.Sgialites.) lEGlMAT'^DJE. 

92.  Penultimate  joint  of  tarsi  spongy  pubescent  beneath;  front  coxa;  prominent; 

slender,  elongate  species  with  cylindrical  prothorax,  usually  of  somewhat 

metallic  color.     (Arthromacra,  Statira.)  LAGRnD.^ 

Penultimate  joint  of  tarsi  not  spongy  pubescent  beneath;  front  coxae  short,  not 
projecting  from  the  cavities;  beetles  of  varying  form,  oval,  elongate,  or  even 
pedunculate,  usually  black  or  dark  colored  with  more  or  less  bead-like 
joints  to  the  antennae.  (Nyctobates,  Tenebrio  [7".  molitor.  Mealworm] 
Blapstinus,  Platydema,  Diaperis,  Eleodes)  (PI.  5,  fig.105)  TENEBRIONIDiE 

93.  Head  not  strongly  or  suddenly  narrowed  or  constricted  behind  the  eyes ...  .94 
Head  strongly  and  suddenly  constricted  behind  the  eyes 99 

94.  Middle  coxae  not  noticeably  prominent 95 

*  Middle  coxae  very  prominent;  prothorax  without  lateral  margin;  penultimate 

•  tarsal  joint  dilated  and  with  a  dense  brush  of  hairs  beneath;  soft-bodied 
species.     (Nacerdes,  Asclera,  Copidita.) CEDOMERIDiE 


Coleoptera.  39 

95.  Antennae  received  in  grooves  on  the  underside  of  the  prothorax;  small,  black, 

oval,  flattened  beetles.     (Hyporhagus.) M0N6MMID.S 

Antennae  free,  not  received  in  grooves 96 

96.  Prothorax  with  a  sharp  lateral  margin 97 

Prothorax  not  margined  laterally,  narrowed  behind,  its  disk  without  impres- 
sions.     (Pytho,  Boros) PYTHID^ 

97.  Epimera  of  the  mesothorax  not  reaching  the  coxae,  the  coxal  cavities  entirely 

surrounded  by  the  sterna  (Males  of  several  genera)  (see  couplet  36) 

CRYPTOPHAGID^,  part 
Epimera  of  mesothorax  attaining  the  coxae 98 

98.  Metasternum  long;  epimera  of  metathorax  visible;  prothorax  widened  toward 

the  base;  its  disk  with  basal  impressions  (Penthe,  Eustrophus,  Melandrya, 

Synchroa) MELANDRYID.(E 

Metasternum  quadrate;  epimera  of  metathorax  covered.     (Males  of  several 
genera)  (see  couplet  33) CUCUJIDjE,  part 

99.  Head  prolonged  behind  and  gradually  narrowed;  prothorax  not  margined,  as 

wide  as  the  elytra  at  base.     (Cephalobn) CEPHALOONIDiE 

Head  suddenly  narrowed  behind 100 

100.  Prothorax  with  a  sharp  lateral  margin 101 

Prothorax  without  a  sharp  lateral  margin,  rounded  on  the  sides 103 

101.  Antennae  thread-like 102 

Antennae  pectinate   (male)   or  subserrate   (female);   tarsal  claws  serrate  or 

toothed.     (Plecotoma) Tribe  Evaniocerini  of  the  RHIPIPHORIDiE 

102.  Hind  coxae  furnished  with  flattened  plates;  head  placed  vertically  against  the 

thorax;  body  conically  narrowed  behind,  the  abdomen  usually  prolonged 
and  pointed  at  tip;  small  beetles.     (Mordellistena,  Mordella,  Tomoxia) 

(PI.  7,  fig.  166) MORDELLID^ 

Hind  coxae  without  flattened  plates,  transverse.     (Canifa.) .   SCRAPTIED.^ 

103.  Base  of  prothorax  narrower  than  the  elytra 104 

Base  of  prothorax  as  wide  as  the  elytra;  body  broad,  much  narrowed  behind; 

elytra  usually  shortened  and  narrowed  behind.     (Rhipiphorus,  Myodites.) 

RHIPIPHORID^ 

104.  Hind  coxae  not  prominent;  tarsal  claws  simple 105 

Hind  coxae  large  and  prominent 107 

105.  Eyes  more  or  less  emarginate 106 

Eyes   elliptical,   entire,   rather   coarsely  granulated.     (Macratria,   Notoxus, 

Anthicus) ANTHICIDiE 

106.  Head  constricted  far  behind  the  finely  granulated  eyes.     (Corphyra.) 

PEDILID^ 
Head  constricted  just  behind  the  coarsely  granulated  eyes.     (Hylophilus.) 

HYLOPHILID^ 

107.  Tarsal  claws  simple;  head  horizontal;  antennae  serrate,  often  pectinate  in  the 

male;  body  flattened;  moderate  sized  beetles.     (Pyrochroa,  Dendroides) 
(PI.  7,  fig.  130) PYROCHROID^ 


40  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

Tarsal  claws  toothed  or  cleft;  head  deflexed,  with  the  front  vertical;  elytra 
often  shortened;  body  more  or  less  cylindrical;  moderately  large  beetles. 
Blister  beetles  (Meloe,  Nemognatha,  Macrobasis,  Epicauta,  PomphopcEa) 
(PL  5   fig.  99)  {CANTHARID/E  LYTTID.'E) MELOK)^ 

108.  Submentum  pedunculate,  i.  e.  the  mentum  supported  at  its  base  by  a  narrow 

portion  or  peduncle;  antennae  serrate;  head  prolonged  into  a  broad  muzzle; 
elytra  shortened  so  as  to  expose  the  pygidium.  Pea  and  bean  weevils. 
(Bruchus  [B.obtectus,  Bean- weevil;  B.  fisbrum.  Pea-weevil],  Spermophagus)     .  / 

(PI.  5,  fig.  10!2)  {LARIIDM,  MYOLABRID.E) BRUCHID.S 

Submentum  not  pedimculate;  head  not  prolonged  into  a  broad  beak;  antennfe 
rarely  distinctly  serrate 109 

109.  Antennae  usually  long  or  greatly  developed,  frequently  inserted  on  frontal 

prominences;  front  often  vertical,  large  and  quadrate;  pronotum  rarely 
margined;  tibial  spurs  distinct;  usually  rather  large,  elongate  or  oblong 
beetles  with  parallel  sides  and  pubescent  upper  surface.  Longicorns. 
(Parandra,  Elaphidion  [Twig-pruners],  Cyllene  [C.  roUnioe,  Locust-borer], 
Monohammus,  Saperda  [S.  cdndida.  Round-head  apple-borer],  Tetraopes) 
including  SPONDYLID.E.     (PI.  5.  fig.  100;  PI.  7,  fig.  167.)  / 

CERAMBYCm.^ 
Antennae  moderate  or  short,  not  inserted  on  frontal  prominences;  front  small, 
oblique,  sometimes  inflexed;  pronotum  most  frequently  margined;  tibial 
spurs  usually  wanting;  small  or  moderate  sized;  body  usually  glabrous  above 
and  very  often  brightly  colored;  rather  oval  in  form.  Leaf  Beetles.  (Dona- 
cia,  Cryptocephalus,  Pachybrachys,  Calligrapha,  Criocerus  [C.  aspdragi, 
Asparagus-beetle],  Galerucella  [G.  hiteola.  Imported  elm-leaf  beetle],  Dia- 
brotica  [Corn  root-worms],  Haltica  [Flea-beetles],  Epitrix  [Flea-beetles] 
Chalepus  {=Odontbta),  [C.  dorsdlis.  Locust  leaf-miner],  Leptinotarsa 
{=  Doryphora)  [L.  decemlineata,  Colorado  potato-beetle])  (PI.  5,  fig.  104; 
PI.  7,  fig.  157) CHRYSOMELm^ 

110.  Rostrum  extremely  short  and  broad,  scarcely  developed;  antennae  short,  with 

a  broad  club;  tibiae  often  with  several  teeth  externally;  small,  oval  or  cylin- 
drical beetles  of  uniform  brownish  or  blackish  color Ill 

Rostrum  of  variable  length,  but  always  distinctly  developed  and  usually 
long;  antennae  with  a  less  pronoimced  club  or  not  clubbed;  tibiae  without  a 
series  of  teeth  externally 112 

111.  First  joint  of  the  tarsi  as  long  as  the  others  united;  head  broader  than  the 

prothorax;  eyes  rounded.     (Platypus)  (PI.  6,  fig.  116;  PL  7,  fig.  156). 

PLATYPODID^ 
First  joint  of  the  tarsi  much  shorter  than  the  combined  length  of  the  others; 
head  narrower  than  the  prothorax;  eyes  oval,  emarginate  or  divided.  Bark- 
beetles.  (Ips  (=Tomicus),  Eccoptogaster  [E.  rugulosus.  Shot-hole  borer; 
E.  multistriatus.  Imported  elm  bark-beetle],  Dendroctonus  [Pine  and  Spruce 
bark-beetles],  Xyleborus  [Timber- beetles],  Monarthrum)  (PL  6,  figs.  112, 
122;  PL  7,  figs.  154,  155,  162) {SCOLYTID.E)  iPJDM 

112.  Antennae  not  elbowed;  palpi  usually  exposed 113 

Antennae  almost  always  elbowed,  with  the  basal  joint  much  elongated;  palpi 


■/ 


Sirepsiptera.  41 

small,  nearly  always  concealed  within  the  mouth,  short  and  rigid;  snout 
strongly  curved  downwards,  especially  when  long.  Weevils.  (Otiorhynchus 
{=  Brachijrhinus)  [0.  ovatus.  Strawberry  root-weevil],  Phytonomus  [Clover 
and  alfalfa  weevils],  Pissodes  [P.  strbbi.  White-pine  weevil],  Anthonomus 
[A.  grdndis,  Mexican  cotton-boll  weevil;  A.  quadrigihhus,  Apple  curculio], 
Conotrachelus  [C.  nenuphar.  Plum  curculio],  Cryptorhynchus  [C.  Idpathi, 
Willow  and  poplar  weevil],  Balaninus  [Nut  weevils],  Sphenophorus  [Corn 
bill-bugs],  Calandra  [C.  granaria.  Granary  weevil])  (Including  RIIINOMA- 
CERID.E,  RHINCHITID.E,  ATTELABIDM,  BRYSOPlDAi,  OTIO- 
RHYNCHID.E  {=BRACHYRHINIDM),  CALANDRID.E)  (PI.  5,  fig. 
106;  PI.  6.  fig.  1-25;  PI.  7,  fig.  153) CURCULIONIDiE 

113.  Prothorax  elongate,  elytra  covering  the  pygidium,  first  two  ventral  segments 

fused ;  rostrum  short  and  broad.    (Cratoparis,  Brach3rtarsus)  ANTHRIBIDjE 
Prothorax  not  elongate,  usually  trapezoidal;  pygidium  exposed;  ventral  seg- 
ments free,  rostrum  very  long  in  the  female,  sometimes  entirely  absent  in 
the  male.     (Euipsalis,  Brenthus,  Cylas)  (PI.  6,  fig.  115) BRENTHIDiE 

114.  Lamellre  of  antennal  club  not  capable  of  closing  together,  usually  not  flat- 

tened, but  forming  a  more  or  less  comb-like  mass 115 

Lamella;  of  antennal  club  flattened  and  capable  of  close  apposition 117 

115.  Mentum  entire,  the  ligula  behind,  or  at  the  apex  of  the  mentum lia 

Mentum  deeply  emarginate,  the  ligula  large,  corneous,  filling  the  emargina- 

tion;  large,  elongate,  shining  beetles  with  deeply  lined  elytra.     (Passalus) 

PASSALID^ 

116.  Ligula  and  maxilla;  covered  by  the  mentum;  antennae  usually  elbowed.     Stag- 

beetles.     (Lucanus,  Dorcus,  Platycerus,  Ceruchus)  (PI.  7,  fig.  149). 

LUCANrD.^ 
Ligula  and  maxillae  not  covered;  antennae  straight.     (Sinodendron.) 

SINODENDRIDiE 

117.  Side  pieces  of  the  mesosternum  not  attaining  the  coxae;  elytra  with  more  or 

less   distinct  rows   of   tubercles;   rather   small   or   moderate-sized   beetles. 

(Trox.) TROGIDiE 

Side  pieces  of  the  mesosternum  attaining  the  coxae;  moderate-sized,  or  large, 
stout-bodied,  usually  very  convex  beetles,  with  stout  front  legs,  usually 
formed  .for  digging.  (Onthophagus,  Canthon  [Tumble-bug],  Aphodius, 
Geotrupes,  Macrodactylus  [Rose  Chafer],  Lachnostema  [Jime-bug],  Pelid- 
nota)  (PI.  5,  fig.  107;  PI.  7,  figs.  150,  151) SCARAB.^ID.^ 


V 


ORDER  STREPSIPTERA. 

{RHIPIPTERA.) 

Small  species  parasitic  on  insects,  the  adult  males  winged  and 
free-living,  but  the  larviform  females  never  leaving  the  body  of 
their  host.  Male  with  the  head  free,  with  well-developed  eyes; 
antennae  with  three  to  seven  joints,  some  of  the  joints  prolonged 
into  a  long  lateral  process  (flabellum) ;  prothorax  greatly  reduced^ 


42  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

metathorax  very  large;  fore  wings  reduced  to  small  club-like 
balancers;  hind  wings  large,  very  delicate,  with  a  few  fine  radiat- 
ing veins.  Female  with  the  mouth-parts  and  antennae  vestigial; 
head  and  thorax  fused  into  one  piece,  sexual  openings  in  the  form 
of  segmental  usually  unpaired  canals  opening  on  several  of  the 
abdominal  segments. 

1.  Wingless,  larviform,  never  leaving  the  host  (Females) 2 

"\^^inged,  free  living  insects  (Males) 4 

2.  Spiracles  more  or  less  easily  discernible,  generally  prominent;  four  or  five  genital 

tubes  entering  the  brood  canal;  parasitic  on  bees,  wasps  and  ants.  (Stylops, 
Xenos)    (PI.  8,  figs.  169,  172) XENIDiE 

Spiracles  not  usually  discernible,  never  prominent 3 

S.  Tubercles  of  head  apical;  parasitic  on  Homoptera.  (Agalliophagus,  Antheri- 
comma.) HALICTOPHAGID.^ 

Tubercles  of  head  more  or  less  obsolete,  ventral;  only  three  genital  tubes  entering 
the  brood  canal;  parasitic  on  Homoptera  (Fulgoroidea).  (Mecynocera, 
PentagrammaphUa.)  ELENCHID.S 

4.  Tarsi  five-jointed,  with  two  claws;  antennse  seven-jointed,  the  third  and  fourth 

joints  produced  laterally  into  long  flabella;  hosts  unknown.     (Trioxocera 

(Mexico)) ' MENGEID^ 

Tarsi  with  four  joints  or  less,  without  claws 5 

5.  Tarsi  four-jointed;  antennae  with  only  the  third  joint  flabellate.     (PI.  8,  figs- 

171,   175) XENIDiE 

Tarsi  three-jointed;  antenna;  with  the  third  or  the  third  to  sixth  joints  flabellate. 

(PI.  8,  fig.  170) HALICTOPHAGID^ 

Tarsi  two-jointed;  antennse  with  only  the  third  joint  flabellate.  .  ELENCHIDiE 


\J       ORDER  EMBIIDINA. 
(EMBIOIDEA,  EMBIOPTERA,  OLIGONEURA.) 

Elongate  feeble  insects  scarcely  half  an  inch  in  length,  occurring 
in  or  near  the  tropics.  Two  pairs  of  similar  wings  superimposed 
over  the  abdomen,  or  wingless;  a  pair  of  short  anal  cerci;  first 
joint  of  the  front  tarsi  swollen  and  fitted  for  spinning  delicate 
tubular  webs. 

1.  Last  dorsal  plate  of  the  .abdomen  not  divided,  nearly  symmetrical,  without 
processes;  first  joint  of  left  cercus  simple,  usually  cylindrical;  neuration 

complete.     (Olyntha)  (PI.  8,  fig.  174) OLYNTHID.E 

Supraanal  plate  asymmetrical,  deeply  excised  or  divided,  with  processes 2 

5.  Cerci  slightly  asymmetrical,  first  joint  of  left  cercus  simple,  cylindrical,  straight 
or  slightly  curved  or  even  clubbed,  always  without  teeth  on  the  inner  side; 
neuration  strongly  reduced.     Posterior  branch  of  the  radial  vein  not  forked 


Odonata — Plecioptera.  43 

in  either  wing,  media  and  cubitus  much  reduced  and  usually  indistinct. 

(Oligotoma.) OLIGOTOMID^ 

Cerci  strongly  asymmetrical,  first  joint  of  left  cercus  variously  deformed,  usually 
dentate  within;  neuration  usually  complete.     (Anlsembia)  (PI.  8,  fig.  173). 

EMBIID^ 

\  ORDER  ODONATA. 

(LIBELLULOIDEA,  PARANEUROPTERA.) 

Slender  predatory  insects,  usually  of  large  size  and  usually 
strong  fliers;  head  mobile,  eyes  large,  three  ocelli;  antennae  minute, 
mouth  inferior,  mandibles  strong;  pro  thorax  small  but  free, 
meso-  and  metathorax  fused,  abdomen  long  and  flexible,  cerci  one- 
jointed;  legs  not  large,  similar,  placed  far  forward,  tarsi  three- 
jointed;  wings  four,  nearly  alike;  elongate,  membranous, 
net-veined,  not  folded,  with  characteristic  nodus,  arculus  and  tri- 
angle and  with  the  radial  sector  crossing  the  anterior  branch  of  the 
media.  Metamorphosis  considerable,  the  nymphs  aquatic,  no  rest- 
ing pupal  stage. 

1.  Wings  alike,  held  on  edge  over  the  abdomen  in  repose;  eyes  stalked.     Damsel 

flies.     (ZYGOPTERA.) 2 

Wings  somewhat  dissimilar,  horizontally  out-spread  in  repose;  eyes  not  ped- 
uncled.     Dragon  flies.     (ANISOPTERA.) 3 

2.  At  least  five  antecubital  crossveins  between  the  first  and  second  veins  before 

the  nodus.     (Calopteryx,  Hetaerina) CALOPTERYGIDjE 

Only      two      antecubital      crossveins.      (Lestes,      Enallagma)     (CfENAGRI- 
ONID.E) AGRIONIDiE 

3.  Antecubital  crossveins  of  first  and  second  series  not  meeting  except  at  base  of 

wing.     (Anax,  iEschna,  Gomphus,  Cordulegaster)  (Including  GOMVHWiE 

CORDULEGASTRIDM ^SCHNID^ 

Antecubital  crossveins  of  first  series  meeting  those  of  the  second.     (Libellula, 
Diplax,  Cordulia)  (PI.  8,  figs.  176,  178)  (Including  CORDULIID.E) 

USELLtUDM 

\J  ORDER  PLECTOPTERA. 
(EPHEMEROPTERA,  EPHEMEROIDEA,  AGNATHA,  EPHEMERIDA.) 
Delicate  insects  with  short  antennae  and  rudimentary  mouth. 
Hind  wings  generally  present  and  much  smaller  than  the  forewings. 
Two  or  three  long  caudal  filaments  present.  Nymphs  aquatic, 
gill-bearing,  suddenly  changing  to  the  adult.  Adults  short  lived, 
but  molting  before  sexual  maturity.     May  flies  or  Sand-flies. 

(Hexagenia,  Baetis,  Heptagenia)  (PI.  8,  figs.  181,  183) EPHEMERIDiE 


44  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

V 

ORDER  PLECOPTERA. 

(PERLARIA.) 

Body  soft,  of  moderate  to  large  size;  four  membranous  wings, 
usually  with  many  veins,  anal  area  of  hind  wings  large  and  pleated, 
rarely  with  the  wings  greatly  reduced  in  size;  antennae  long,  thread- 
like. Larvae  aquatic,  metamorphosis  slight.  Stoneflies,  Salmon- 
flies. 

(Pteronarcys,  Perla,  Chloroperla,  Nemoura)  (PI.  8,  figs.  180.  182). 

PERLm^ 


ORDER  MEGALOPTERA. 

Soft-bodied  species  with  large  wings,  long  and  sometimes  pec- 
tinate antennae  and  simple  similar  legs.  Costal  cell  with  many 
transverse  veins,  subcosta  and  radius  simple,  the  radial  sector 
arising  near  the  base,  anal  space  of  hind  wings  large,  folded  fan- 
like when  at  rest;  prothorax  quadrate.  Larvae  aquatic,  predatory, 
with  lateral  abdominal  gill-filaments;  wings  appearing  during  the 
resting  nymphal  stage. 

Accessory  veins  at  the  end  of  the  radial  sector  extending  anteriorly;  ocelli  want- 
ing; fourth  tarsal  joint  prominently  lobed  on  each  side.     (Stalls.) 

SIALIDID.^ 

Accessory  veins  of  the  radial  sector  extending  posteriorly;  three  ocelli  present; 
fourth  tarsal  joint  scarcely  bilobed.  (Corydalis  [C.  cortmta,  Dobson,  Hell- 
grammite],  Chauliodes)  (PI.  8,  figs.  179,  186) CORYDALID.ffi 


ORDER  RAPHIDIOIDEA. 

{EMMENOGNATHA.  part) 

Moderate-sized,  slender,  predatory  species  with  elongate  cylin- 
drical prothorax;  head  large,  nearly  horizontal,  mandibles  strong, 
antennae  long  and  thread-like;  wings  membranous;  both  pairs 
similar,  with  numerous  forkings,  the  costal  cell  with  crossveins; 
legs  similar,  the  first  pair  attached  at  base  of  prothorax,  tarsi 
five-jointed;  cerci  not  developed.     Metamorphosis  complete. 

(Raphidia,  InoceUia)  (PI.  8,  fig.  185.) RAPHTDilD^ 


Neuroptera.  45 


ORDER  NEUROPTERA. 

(MEGALOPTERA,  SYNISTATA  (part), 
DICTYOPTERA  (part)). 

Small  to  rather  large,  slender,  predaceous  insects  with  large 
wings  but  of  slow  flight.  Head  free,  vertical,  eyes  prominent, 
mouth  inferior,  mandibles  strong;  prothorax  more  or  less  free  and 
prominent,  meso-.  and  metathorax  not  closely  grown  together; 
abdomen  long  and  narrow,  no  cerci;  wings  similar,  membranous, 
no  large  anal  field,  when  at  rest  the  wings  lie  roof-like  over  the 
abdomen,  longitudinal  veins  almost  always  very  numerous,  costal 
cell  almost  always  with  cross-veins.  Metamorphosis  complete, 
larvae  terrestrial. 

1.  Front  legs  formed  for  seizing  prey.     (Mantispa,  Symphasis)  (PI.  8,  figs.  177, 

188,    189) MANTISPK)^ 

Front  legs  not  raptorial 2 

2.  Veins  and  usually  crossveins  abuudant 3 

Veins  and  crossveins  few  in  number,  wings  covered  with  a  whitish  powder;  small 

rare  species.     (Coniopteryx,  Malacomyza) CONIOPTERYGID.S 

3.  Antennae  clubbed;   wings  with  a  network  of  veins,  the  subcosta  and  radius 

apically  fused 4 

Antennae  not  clubbed 5 

4.  Antennae  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  wings.     (Ululodes,  Colobopterus.) 

ASCALAPHID^ 

Antennae  not  one-third  as  long  as  the  wings.     Ant  lions.     (Myrmeleon,  Den- 

droleon,  Brachynemurus.) MYRMELEONIDiE 

5.  Antennae  thread-like;  no  recurrent  vein,  subcosta  not  fused  with  radius.     Lace- 

wing  fly  or  Aphis  lion.     (Chrysopa,  MeleSma.) CHRYSOPID.^ 

Antennae  like  a  string  of  beads  (moniliform)  or  comb-like  (pectinate) 6 

6.  Ocelh   absent;   female   with   ovipositor;   antennae  of   male  pectinate.     (DUar) 

(PI.  8,  fig.  184) DILARIDiE 

Ocelli  present;  no  ovipositor;  antennae  moniliform 7 

7.  Subcosta  fused  with  radius  toward  end  of  wing,  wings  with  almost  no  crossveins 

except  a  graduated  series,  forming  an  oblique  row  of  steps  across  the  wing.  .8 
Subcosta  and  radius  separate,  although  approximate,  recurrent  vein  present  or 
absent.     (Hemerobius,  Boriomyia,  Sympherobius,  Micromus.) 

HEMEROBIID^ 

8.  A  distinct  recurrent  vein  at  base  of  fore  wing,  crossveins  (except  costals)  with- 

out bristles;  cubitus  of  fore  wings  forked  near  base,  media  forked  at  about 
one-third  its  length;  body  rather  stout.     (Polystoechotes) 

polyst(ech6tid.s 

No  recurrent  vein g 


46  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

9.  Wings  acute  at  apex;  outer  margin  of  fore  wings  distinctly  emarginate,  cross- 
veins  with  bristles;  hind  wings  with  a  fork  to  the  cubitus  that  extends  very 

close  to  the  hind  margin.    (Lomamyia) BEROTHIDiE 

Outer  margin  of  fore  wing  not  emarginate,  crossveins  not  bristly.     (Sisyra, 
Climacia) SISYRID.S^ 

ORDER  PANORPATiE. 

(MECOPTERA.) 

Small  to  moderate-sized  predatory  insects  with  the  head  drawn 
out  to  form  a  sort  of  beak;  wings  when  present  long,  narrow  and 
similar,  crossveins  and  veins  moderately  numerous;  mandibles 
small,  antennae  long  and  hair-like;  prothorax  small;  legs  long, 
similar,  fitted  for  running;  coxse  large,  pendant  and  approximate, 
tarsi  five-jointed;  abdomen  usually  slender,  cerci  small,  ninth 
segment  of  male  greatly  swollen  and  reflexed.  Metamorphosis 
complete,  larvse  resembling  caterpillars.     Scorpion  flies. 

1.  Three  ocelli  present;  winged  species,  costal  margin  without  crossveins 2 

Ocelli  absent 3 

2.  Tarsi  with  two  claws;  cubitus  of  fore  wings  forked  near  the  base.     Scorpion- 

flies.     (Panorpa)  (PI.  9,  6gs.  190,  191,  192,  194) PANORPIDiE 

Tarsi  with  a  single  claw;  cubitus  simple.     (Bittacus)  (PI.  9,  fig.  193). 

BITTACtJSID.^ 

3.  Wings  well  developed,  costal  cell  with  many  crossveins.     (Merope.) 

MEROPID^ 
Wingless,  or  with  very  short  wings.     (Boreus)  BOREID.^ 

s         ORDER  TRICHOPTERA. 

(PHRYGANOIDEA.) 

Small  to  medium-sized,  slender,  flying  insects;  head  movable^ 
vertical,  eyes  prominent,  ocelli  three  or  none,  mandibles  vestigial, 
palpi  prominent,  antennae  thread-like,  often  very  long;  prothorax 
small;  wings  more  or  less  clothed  with  hairs,  with  many  veins  and 
a  few  crossveins,  the  hind  wings  with  a  folded  anal  area;  legs 
similar,  coxse  pendant  and  approximate,  tarsi  five-jointed.  Meta- 
morphosis complete,  larvae  aquatic  case-bearers.     Caddice  flies. 

1.  Minute,  often  pretty,  moth-like  pubescent  species,  whose  anterior  wings  are 
closely  covered  with  projecting,  clubbed  hairs;  marginal  fringe  of  wings 
very  long,  that  of  hind  wings  longer;  discal  cell  of  hind  wings  open  or  want- 
ing; wings  usually  very  long  and  narrow,  more  or  less  pointed;  antennae  at 
most  as  long  as  the  fore  wings,  usually  much  shorter  and  usually  thickened; 


V 


Trichoptera.  4T 

maxillary  palpi  of  both  sexes  five-jointed,  strongly  hairy,  their  last  joint 
neither  bowed  nor  ringed;  ocelli  usually  present.     (Hydroptila.) 

HYDROPTILIDiE 

Rarely  minute  species;  fore  wings  without  or  with  solitary  thickened  projecting 

hairs;  marginal  fringe  shorter  than  width  of  wing;  antennae  almost  always 

longer  than  the  fore  wings 1 

2.  Ocelli  present;  maxillary  palpi  with  only  weak  hairs 3 

Ocelli  absent 6 

3.  Last  joint  of  maxillary  palpi  divided  into  false  ring-joints,  curved  and  as  long 

as  the  third  and  fourth  joints  together;  front  tibiije  with  no,  two,  or  three 
spurs.      {THYACOPHILID^  and   HYDROPSYCHID^,   part;    Banks. 

1907).     (Philopotamus.) PHILOPOTAMID^ 

Last  joint  of  maxillary  palpi  not  ringed,  rarely  curved,  subequal  to  the  other 
joints 4 

4.  Front  tibiae  with  one  or  no  spur;  middle  tibiae  with  three  or  two  spurs;  maxillary 

palpi  of  male  three-jointed,  of  female  five-jointed,  but  of  similar  structure 
in  the  two  sexes.     (Anabolia,  Linmephilus.)  (PI.  9,  figs.  195,  196). 

LIMNEPHILID^ 

Front  tibiae  with  two  or  three  spurs,  posterior  tibiae  with  four  spurs;  maxillary 

palpi  four-  or  five-jointed 5 

5.  Maxillary  palpi  five-jointed,  the  basal  two  joints  very  short  (Rhyacophila) 

RHYACOPHILID^ 

Maxillary  palpi  of  male  four-jointed,  of  female  five-jointed,  the  joints  cylindrical, 

the  second  joint  not  short,  the  palpi  of  the  two  sexes  similar.     (Neur6nia, 

Phryganea.) PHRYGANEID^ 

6.  Tibial  spurs  3:4:4;  maxillary  palpi  weakly  hairy,  five-jointed,  the  first  and  sec- 

ond joints  very  small,  the  last  joint  ringed  and  curved;  antennaj  thickened. 
{HYDROPSY CHID. E,  part;  Banks,  1907.)     (Polycentropus.) 

POLYCENTROPODID^ 
Usually  two,  never  three,  spurs  on  front  tibiae 7 

7.  Last  joint  of  the  five-jointed,  scarcely  hairy,  maxillary  palpi  annulate  and  arcu- 

ate   8 

Last  joint  of  the  usually  strongly  hairy  maxillary  palpi  neither  ringed  nor 
curved 9 

8.  First  vein  from  the  discal  cell  of  the  fore  wing  forked;  maxillary  palpi  long  and 

thin.     (Hydropsyche,  Macronema)  (PI.  9,  fig.  197) . . .  HYDROPSYCHID.^ 

First  fork  wanting  in  both  fore  and  hind  wings;  first  joint  of  the  maxillary 

palpi   small.      {HYDROPSYCHID.E,  part;   Banks,    1907)    (Psychomyia). 

PSYCHOMYIID^ 

9.  Both  median  and  discal  cells  of  fore  wings  present  and  closed;  maxillary  palpi 

five-jointed.    (Heteroplectron.) CALAMOCEROTIDiE 

Median  cell  of  fore  wings  absent 10 

10.  Maxillary  palpi  of  the  male  three-jointed,  of  the  female  five-jointed,  of  diff'erent 
structure  in  the  two  sexes;  antennae  usually  thick,  hairy  and  with  large  basal 
joint;  wings  thickly  hairy,  discal  cell  present.     (Brachycentrus.) 

SERICOSTOMATK).^ 
Maxillary  palpi  of  both  sexes  five-jointed 11 


48  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

11.  Discal  cell  of  both  ■wings  absent,  neuration  of  the  two  sexes  usually  different, 

apical  veins  few.     {LEPTOCERIDM  part;  Banks,  1907)  (Molanna). 

MOLANNID^ 
Discal  cell  of  fore  wings  present 12 

12.  Middle  tibiae  with  two  spurs;  discal  cell  of  hind  wings  almost  alwaj's  open  or 

absent,  only  the  upper  branch  of  the  radial  sector  forked,  only  the  first 
apical  fork  present;  joints  of  maxillary  palpi  uniform;  antennae  long  and 

slender.     (Leptocerus) LEPTOCERIDjE 

Middle  tibiae  usually  with  four  spurs;  discal  cell  of  hind  wings  closed,  both 
branches  of  radial  sector  of  fore  wings  forked,  at  least  the  first  and  second 
apical  forks  present;  basal  joint  of  antennae  large.     (Nerophilus.) 

ODONTOCERID^ 


ORDER   LEPIDOPTERA. 

(PSYCHE,   GLOSS  AT  A.) 

Rather  large,  sometimes  small  or  very  large  insects;  wings  and 
body  thickly  clothed  with  scales  that  form  a  color  pattern,  these 
rarely  restricted  to  certain  portions  or  absent  in  a  very  few  unusual 
forms;  antennae  long,  many -jointed,  variously  modified;  ocelli 
sometimes  present;  mouthparts  suctorial,  when  not  in  use  coiled 
under  the  head,  the  mandibles  incorporated  into  an  unjointed 
tongue,  which  may  be  occasionally  wanting;  prothorax  small; 
wings  large,  membranous,  similar,  the  fore  pair  somewhat  longer; 
venation  complete,  but  not  complex,  few  crossveins;  legs  similar, 
tarsi  ordinarily  five-jointed;  no  cerci.  Metamorphosis  very  great; 
larvae  with  biting  mouth-parts,  usually  caterpillar-like,  and  with 
paired  false-legs  on  some  of  the  abdominal  segments  in  addition  to 
three  thoracic  pairs;  larvae  almost  without  exception  plant- 
feeders.     Moths,  Butterflies  and  Skippers. 

1.  Antennae  simple  or  variously  modified  (PI.  10,  figs.  21G,  224,  229),  only  rarely 
swollen  at  the  tip,  and  in  such  cases  a  frenulum  is  present;  most  forms  with 
a  frenulum,  the  subcosta  of  the  hind  wing  either  but  little  arched  at  the 
base  or  there  is  a  large  area  between  it  and  the  fore  margin  of  the  wing; 
wings  at  rest  overlapping  the  abdomen  or  horizontally  outspread;  body 

often  relatively  stout.     Moths.     (HETEROCERA.)   2 

Antennae  knobbed  at  the  tip  or  thickened  a  little  before  the  tip  (PI.  10,  figs. 
219,  220,  237),  without  pectinations,  projecting  processes  or  conspicuous 
arrangements  of  hairs;  hind  wings  without  a  frenulum,  but  with  the  sub- 
costa strongly  arched  forward  at  the  base;  at  least  the  fore  wings  erect 
when  at  rest.  Butterfiies  and  Skippers.  (RHOPALOCERA,  PAPILION- 
OlDEA.) 97 


Lepidoptera.  49 

^.  Winged 3 

Wingless 55 

3.  Hind  wings  with  four  or  five  radial  veins  (PI.  9,  fig.  199),  with  at  least  ten  veins 

besides  anals,  more  than  six  veins  arising  from  the  discal  cell;  wing.s  of 
similar  shape,  the  membrane  with  minute  spines  (PI.  9,  fig.  200) ;  forewing 

with  a  jugum.     (JUGATiE,  MICROPTERYGOIDEA.) 4 

Hind  wings  with  only  one  free  radial  vein  (PI.  9,  fig.  202)  (very  rarely  two); 
with  at  most  six  veins  arising  from  the  discal  cell;  fore  and  hind  wings  dis- 
similar in  shape,  the  frenulum  very  often  present.     (FRENAT.iE.) 5 

4.  Wings  hardly  wider  than  their  fringe;  expanse  about  half  an  inch;  tibial  spurs 

present.     (Eriocephala,  Epimartyria)     (PI.  9,  fig.  199)  .ERIOCEPHALIDiE 

Wings  ample,  fringe  narrow;   expanse  over  one  inch;   tibial  spurs  wanting. 

(Sthenopis,  Hepialus.) HEPIALID^ 

5.  Wings  entire,  not  cleft  nor  divided  into  fmger-shaped  divisions,  rarely  the  fore 

wings  moderately  cleft 6 

Wings,  especially  the  hind  ones  deeply  cleft,  or  di\nded  into  plume-like  divisions 

(PI.  9,  figs.  203,  204).     Feather-wing  moths 7 

«.  Inner  margin  of  fore  wing  and  costal  margin  of  hind  wing  narrowly  folded  and 
interlocking;  fore  wmgs  at  least  four  times  as  long  as  wide;  at  least  the 
base  of  the  hmd  wing,  and  usually  a  great  part  of  the  wings,  hyaline;  brightly 
colored,  diurnal  moths.  (Melittia  [M.  satijriniformis.  Squash-borer],  Sesia 
[S.  tipuliformis.  Currant-borer;  S.  ndilans.  Strawberry  crown-moth],  Bem- 
becia  [B.  marginata.  Blackberry  crown-borer],  Sannmoidea  [S.  cxiliosa. 
Peach-borer])  (PI.  10.,  figs.  221,  229,  232).  {^GERIID^.)  .  .  .SESIIDiE 
Wings  not  interlocking  at  middle  of  margin,  very  rarely  transparent,  and  if  so, 
with  broader  fore  wings 8 

7.  Fore  wings  divided  into  two  plumes,  hind  wings  into  three;  small,  delicate 

moths,    usually    prettily    colored.     (Oxyptilus,    Platyptflia,    Pterophorus) 

(PI.  9,  fig.  203;  PI.  10,  figs.  225,  231) PTEROPHORIDiE 

Each  wing  divided  into  six  plumes;  a  small  silvery  white  moth.  (Omeodes) 
(PI.  9,  fig.  204) .' ORNEODID^ 

8.  Hind  wings  much  broader  than  their  fringe,  never  spear-shaped,  and  rarely 

trapezoidal  with  produced  apex 9 

Hind  wings  tapering  toward  base  and  apex,  without  marked  anal  angle,  or 
notched  below  the  apex  and  trapezoidal;  the  fringe  wider,  or  almost  as  %\  ide, 
as  the  wing 58 

9.  Underside  of  hind  wing  with  a  double  series  of  enlarged  and  divergent  scales 

along  the  cubital  vein Agdistinas  of  the  PTEROPHORIDiE 

No  such  specialized  scales 10 

10.  Fore  wings  with  two  anal  veins  attaining  the  margin  (PI.  9,  fig.  205) 11 

Fore  wings  with  only  one  anal  vein  attaining  the  margin,  the  first  anal  vestigial 

or  represented  by  a  fold  and  the  third  at  most  by  a  short  spur  (PI.  9,  fig. 
202) 20 

11.  Antennte  plainly  knobbed;  hind  wing  with  a  large  prsecostal  area;  large  showy 

moths  of  butterfly-  or  skipper-like  appearance.     (Castnia.) .  .CASTNIIDiE 
Antennae  tapering  to  tip jg 


50  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

12.  Subcosta  and  radius  of  hind  wing  independent,  parallel  or  arising  separately; 

connected  by  a  crossvein  or  rarely  fused  beyond  the  cell 13 

Subcosta  of  hind  wing,  arising  from  the  cell  (PI.  9,  fig.  205) 18 

13.  Subcosta  and  radius  of  hind  wing  connected  bj-  a  strong  crossvein  near  the 

middle  of  the  cell  or  beyond  (PI.  9,  fig.  211),  independent  and  parallel.  .  .14 
Subcosta  and  radius  of  hind  wing  of  a  different  conformation 17 

14.  Fore  wing  with  an  accessory  cell  (PI.  9,  fig.  211) 15 

No  accessory  cell 16 

15.  Wings  bluntly  pointed  toward  tips,  strong;  body  heavy,  far  exceeding  the  hind 

wings  when  spread;  palpi  vestigial;  usually  large  moths.  (Prionoxystus 
[P.  robinioB,  Carpenter-moth]  Zeuzera  [Z.  pyrina.  Leopard-moth]  Cossus) 

(PI.   9,  fig.  211) COSSIDiE 

Wings  broad,  rather  short  and  rounded,  body  short  and  slender,  not  exceeding 
the  hind  wings;  palpi  well  developed;  moderate-sized  moths,  with  hairy 
body  and  usually  of  yellow  or  orange  color.     (Dalcerides.) .  DALCERID.^ 

16.  Tongue  developed;  palpi  and  wings  scaled;  moderately  large  moths  with 

conspicuous  color  pattern.     (Gingla.) CHALCOSilD.S^ 

Tongue  absent;  palpi  small  and  hairy,  or  absent;  wings  hairy,  but  nearly 
destitute  of  scales;  females  wingless.  Bag- worms.  (Thyridopteryx  [7". 
epAemercp/ormi*,  Bag- worm],  Solenobia,  Chalia.) PSYCHID.® 

17.  Subcosta  arising  separately  from  the  radius,  running  closely  parallel  to  it  to 

well  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell ;  base  of  the  radius  in  that  case  either  com- 
plete, showing  as  a  short  spur,  or  lost;  small,  rarely  moderate-sized  motha 
Diaphania  [D.{=Margaronia)  nitidalis.  Pickle-moth],  Loxostege  [L.  simi- 
lalis.  Garden  webwoirn],  Pyrausta,  Pyralls  [P.farinalis,  Meal  snout-moth], 
Crambus  [Root  webworms],  Galleria  [G.  mellonella.  Bee-moth],  Mineola 
[M.  indigcncUa,  Leaf-crumpler],  Ephestia  [E.  kuehniella,  Mediterranean 
flour-moth],  Plodia  [P.  interpimctella,  Indian  meal-moth])  (Including 
PYRAUSTIDM,  GALLERUDM,   CRAMBIDM,    PHYCITIDM.)    (PI. 

10,  figs.  223,  230) PyRALIDID-S^ 

Subcosta  entirely  independent  of  the  radius,  or  connected  by  a  weak  crossvein, 
or  one  near  the  base  of  the  wing,  sharply  divergent  before  the  end  of  the 
cell 58 

18.  Subcosta  arising  from  near  the  middle  of   the  cell;  sometimes  free  also  for  a 

short  distance  near  the  base;  moderately  small,  stout-bodied  moths  with 
rather    small    wings;   larvae  slug-like.     (Euclea,    Tortricidia,    Packardia.) 

{EUCLEIDM.) COCHLIDIIDiE 

Subcosta  arising  near  the  tip  of  the  cell 19 

19.  Fifth  branch  of  the  radius  long-stalked;  pale-colored  moths  of  moderate  size 

and  inconspicuous  appearance,  with  stout,  hairy  body  and  small,  furry  wings. 

(Lagoa,  Megalop}  ge.) MEGALOPYGID^ 

Fifth  branch  of  radius  arising  from  the  cell;  small,  dark,  often  brightly  marked 
moths  with  smoothly  scaled  wings.  (Acol6ithus,  Triprocris,  Harrisina.) 
(PL  9,  fig.  205) PYROMORPHIL^ 


Lepidoptera.  5 1 

20.  Hind  wings  with  three  anal  veins,  the  first  often  fading  out  toward  base.  .21 
Hind  wing  with  two  anal  veins  or  less,  at  most  with  a  short  spur  of  the  first 

anal  at  the  margin  in  the  broad-winged  forms 22 

21.  Subcosta  and  radius  in  hind  wings  closely  parallel,  or  fused  beyond  the  end 

of  the  cell;  small,  rarely  moderate-sized  moths  (see  couplet  17). 

PYRALfDID^,    part 
Subcosta  and  radius  strongly  divergent  from  before  the  end  of  the  cell 58 

22.  Large  stout  moths,  almost  always  two  inches  or  more  in  expanse,  the  hind 

wings  rarely  reaching  beyond  the  middle  of  the  abdomen;  subcosta  and 
radius  of  hind  wing  connected  by  a  stong  crossvein  at,  or  rather"  before  the 
middle  of  the  cell,  then  closely  parallel  to  the  end  of  the  cell  or  beyond; 
antennae  generally  thickened  medially  and  often  hooked  or  recurved  at  tip. 
Sphinx    caterpillars;    Hawk    moths.     (Phlegethontius,    Sphinx,    Pholus, 

DeUephUa.) SPHINGIDyE 

Wings  proportionately  larger,  subcosta  and  radius  rarely  connected  by  a 
strong  crossvein,  and  if  so,  strongly  divergent  beyond  it;  antennse  very 
rarely  swollen  apically 23 

23.  Accessory  cell  (a  small  cell  in  front  of  the  end  of  the  discal  cell)  separated  by 

a  full-sized  vein,  or  completely  absent 24 

Accessory  cell  fused  with  the  discal  cell,  but  with  a  slight  thickening  at  the 
line  of  separation;  small  species,  less  than  one  inch  in  expanse 58 

24.  Cubitus  of  fore  wings  apparently  three-branched  (very  rarely  two-branched) .  25 
Cubitus  of  fore  wings  apparently  four-branched 40 

25.  Frenulum  normal,  well-developed 26 

Frenulum  vestigial  or  absent,  always  less  than  one-fifteenth  the  length  of  the 

hind  wings 33 

26.  Subcosta  and  radius  in  hind  wing  sharply  divergent  from  near  the  base;  small, 

delicate  moths  with  large  wings.     (Callizzia,  Calledapteryx.) 

EPIPLEMID.^ 

Subcosta  and  radius  in  hind  wing  fused  or  approximated  for  at  least  part  of 

their  course  (PI.  10,  fig.  228) 27 

27.  Subcosta  and  radius  in  hind  wing  separate  at  extreme  base,  then  close  together 

or  fused  for  a  greater  or  less  distance 28 

Subcosta  and  radius  fused  from  base  to  beyond  middle  of  hind  wing,  swollen 
at  the  base  then  rapidly  diverging,  very  slender;  rather  small  moths,  usually 
of  dull  colors  and  with  finely  scaled  wings,  the  fore  pair  narrow  and  the 
hind  pair  broad  (see  couplet  54) LITHOSilD.S;,  part 

28.  Stout-bodied  moths,  the  width  of  the  thorax  at  least  one-sixth  the  length  of 

the  fore  wing ^q 

Slender  moths oa 

29.  Subcosta  moderately  thickened  and  curved  at  the  base 30 

A  strong  brace-vein  from  an  angle  near  the  base  of  the  subcosta  to  the  root  of 

the  frenulum  (see  couplet  32) GEOMETRIDyE,  part 

30.  Cubitus  in  hind  wing  apparently  three-branched 31 

Cubitus  in  hind  wing  apparently  four-branched;  medium-sized  moths  with 


52  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

elongated  wings,  the  fore  pair  often  widened  at  the  basal  angle.  (Euthya- 
tira,  Habrosyne).    CYMATOPHORIDM THYATIRID^ 

31.  Tongue  entirely  absent;  wings  usually  with  clear  spots  before  apex.     CApate" 

lodes.) EUPTEROTm.^ 

Tongue  distinct,  usually  well-developed;  wings  fully  scaled;  moths  of  moderate 
size  and  inconspicuous  colors,  the  body  rather  stout  and  densely  hairy; 
hind  tibia;  with  two  pairs  of  stout  spurs.  "Prominent^."  (Datana  [D.  min- 
isfra.  Yellow-neck  caterpillar]  Heterocampa,  Schizftra  [S.  (=  (Fdemasia) 
concinna.  Red-hump  Apple-caterpillar])  (PI.  10,  fig.  228)  NOTODONTID^ 

32.  Spiracles  (tympanic  openings)  at  base  of  abdomen  small  and  subdorsal;  first 

anal  vein  usually  partly  present;  subcosta  in  hind  wing  slightly  bent  at  the 
base  and  but  little  enlarged,  the  humeral  angle  not  expanded;  last  branch 
of  media  and  first  branch  of  cubitus  stalked  in  the  fore  wing;  brightly  colored 
moths,  usually  with  hyaline  spots  on  the  wings.     (Phryganidia.) 

DIOPTID^ 
Tympanic  opening  almost  always  conspicuous  and  swollen,  lateral;  first  anal 
vein  absent  in  both  wings;  subcosta  of  hind  wing  sharply  bent  or  much 
enlarged  at  the  base,  almost  always  with  a  brace-vein  extending  to  the  base 
of  the  frenulum;  usually  small  or  moderate  sized  moths  of  delicate  form, 
with  large,  finel^^-scaled  wings.  (Paleacrita  [P.  vernata.  Spring  canker- 
worm],  Alsophila  [A.  pometaria,  Fall  canker-worm],  Tephroclystis,  Rheu- 
maptera,  Hydriomena,  Petrophora,  Eois,  Sciagraphia,  Cymatophora  [C. 
ribearia.  Currant  span-worm].) GEOMETRID.^ 

33.  Subcosta  and  radius  in  hind  wings  either  fused  for  a  very  short  distance,  then 

sharply  divergent,  or  separate  from  the  base,  or  connected  by  a  weak  cross- 
vein;  spiracles  at  base  of  abdomen  inconspicuous 34 

Subcosta  sharply  divergent  from  the  radius  at  the  extreme  base,  then  sharply 
bent  and  touching,  fusing  with,  or  closely  parallel  to  it,  or  connected  by  a 
strong  cross  vein;  spiracles  at  base  of  abdomen  conspicuous,  lateral  (see 
couplet  32)  A  few  GEOMETRID^ 

34.  Antennse  not  scaled  beyond  the  basal  joint.     (SATURNOIDEA.) 35 

Antennae  closely  scaled  on  the  upper  side 36 

35.  Two  anal  veins;  first  branch  of  media  in  fore  wings  fused  or  stalked  with  the 

radial  stem;  medium-sized  or  large  moths  with  stout,  hairy  bodies  and 
strong   wings.     (Anisota,  Citheronia,  Basilona.     {CERATOCAMPIDM) 

CITHERONim.^ 
First  branch  of  media  separate  from  the  radial  stem ;  with  only  one  anal  vein, 
or  else  the  upper  discocellular  vein  (the  crossvein  at  the  end  of  the  discal 
cell,  between  the  last  radial  and  the  media)  long  and  longitudinal;  moderate, 
large  or  gigantic  moths,  with  broad  and  usually  strikingly  colored  wings. 
(Samia  [S.  cecropia,  Cecropia  moth],  Callosamia  [C.  promethia,  Promethia 
moth],  Tropoea  [T.  tuna,  Luna  moth],  Telea  [T.  polyphemus,  Polyphemus 
moth],  Automeris  [A.  io,  lo  moth].) SATURNIID^ 

36.  Subcosta  of  hind  wing  sharply  divergent  from  the  radius  from  close  to  its 

base 37 

Subcosta  and  radius  parallel  at  base,  connected  by  a  weak  crossvein 39 


V 


Lepidoptera.  55 

37.  Fourth  and  fifth  branches  of  the  radius  stalked,  widely  separate  from  the  third 

branch;  moderate  sized,  rather  stout-bodied,  hairy  moths,  with  the  wings 
often  notched  or  concave  behind.     (Cicumus,  LacosSma.) 

LACOSOMATrD.^ 

Fourth  and  fifth  branches  of  the  radius  arising  from  the  discal  cell  closely 

associated  with  the  third  branch 38 

38.  Fifth  branch  of  the  radius  stalked  with  the  first  branch  of  the  media,  or  closely 

approximate  at  base  and  separate  from  the  fourth  branch  of  the  radius. 

URANilD^ 

Fourth  and  fifth  branches  of  the  radius  separate,  the  fourth  sometimes  stalked 

with  the  third LONOMIID.S 

39.  Frenulum  about  one-sixteenth  the  length  of  the  hind  wing. 

EUPTEROTlN/E  of  the  EUPTEROTID^ 

Frenulum  absent,  or  at  most  not  exceeding  the  front  basal  angle  of  the  wing. 

{Bdmhijx  mbri,  the  silkworm.) BOMBYCID.S 

40.  Second  cubital  vein  in  the  fore  wing  arising  from  the  cell  about  a  third-way 

out  from  the  base,  or  even  nearer  the  base;  last  radial  vein  stalked  with 
the  first  medial;  frenulum  absent,  the  basal  front  angle  of  the  hind  wing 
expanded  and  furnished  with  a  couple  of  short  extra  veins;  stout-bodied 
moths  of  medium  or  rather  large  size.  (MalacosSma  {=Clisiocampa)  [M. 
americanum,   Apple   tent-caterpillar;    M.  disstria.   Forest   tent-caterpillar], 

Tolype.) LASIOCAMPID^ 

Second  cubital  vein  of  fore  wing  arising  well  beyond  the  middle  of  the  cell; 
frenulum  usually  present 41 

41.  Subcosta  and  radius  in  hind  wing  strong  and  parallel  to  beyond  the  end  of  the 

cell,  then  approaching  very  close  or  fusing  for  a  short  distance;  small  or 
moderate-sized  moths  of  slender  forai,  the  tip  of  the  fore  wing  usually 
curving    back.      (Drepana,    Oreta)     (Including   PLATYPTERYGID^, 

AUZATIDm DREPANID^ 

Subcosta  and  radius  fusing  before  end  of  cell;  or  wholly  independent 42 

42.  Fore  wing  with  complete  venation  (twelve  veins),  all  of  the  radials,  medials 

and  cubitals  arising  separately  or  with  the  second  and  third  radials  short- 
stalked;  small  moths  of  slender  build,  usually  with  pale,  translucent  spots 

on  the  wings.     (Thyris,  Dysodia.) THYRIDIDjE 

Third  and  fourth  radial  veins,  or  the  fourth  and  fifth  long-stalked,  or  else 
with  some  veins  absent 43 

43.  Subcosta  apparently  absent,  fused  with  the  radius  except  at  the  extreme  base; 

rather  small  or  medium-sized  moths,  often  brightly  colored,  the  wings  small, 
especially  the  hind  pair.      (Scepsis,  Ctenucha)    {ZYGxENIDM  of  some 

authors) SYNTOMIDiE 

Subcosta  and  radius  separating  before  the  end  of  the  cell 44 

44.  Antennae  swollen  or  enlarged  toward  tip;  rather  small  or  medium-sized  moths 

of  brilliant  colors,  often  dark,  ornamented  with  large  pale  spots.  (Alypia 
[A.  ocfomaculata.  Forester  moth]  Androloma)  (PI.  10,  fig.  227). 

AGARISTID.S 
Antennae  regularly  tapering  to  apex 45 


54  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

45.  Ocelli  present,  on  the  vertex  close  to  the  eyes 46 

Ocelli  absent 53 

46.  Subcosta  and  radius  in  hind  wing  connected  by  a  strong  crossvein 47 

Subcosta  and  radius  in  hind  wing  fused  at  least  slightly  and  usually  for  some 

distance  along  the  cell 48 

47.  Tongue  absent  (see  couplet  54)  {LIPARIDM) LYMANTRIID.S;,  part. 

Tongue  present;  palpi  reaching  far  above  the  vertex,  the  third  joint  naked;  a 

species  is  said  to  occur  in  North  America HYPSID.^ 

48.  Fusion  of  the  subcosta  and  radius  extending  to  the  middle  of  the  cell,  or  beyond; 

stout-bodied  moths  of  moderate  size,  with  the  wings  usually  marked  in  bold 
design  of  contrasting  colors.  Tiger  moths,  ^\■oolly-bea^  caterpillars.  (Utethe- 
isa,  Estigmene,  Apantesis,  Halisidota,  Diacrisia  {  =  Spilosoma)  [D.  virfiinica. 
White  ermine  moth],  H5rphantria  [H.  cunea.  Fall  web-wonn].) .  .ARCTIIDjE 
Fusion  of  subcosta  and  radius  falling  short  of  the  middle  of  the  cell 49 

49.  Fusion  of  subcosta  and  radius  exceeding  the  basal  fifth  of  the  cell 50 

Fusion  of  subcosta  and  radius  less  than  one-fifth  the  length  of  the  cell,  or 

imperfect 51 

50.  Hind  tarsus  stout,  not  ordinarily  over  eight  times  as  long  as  thick;  tibial  spurs 

often  reduced ;  subcosta  greatly  swollen  at  base  (see  couplet  48) . 

ARCTilD.S,  part 

Hind  tarsus  more  slender;  tibial  spurs  long;    subcosta  basally  not  more  than 

twice  as  thick  as  the  radius  (see  couplet  52) NOCTUIDjE,  part 

51.  Swollen  spiracles  at  base  of  abdomen    (tympanic  bullae)   enlarged  dorsally, 

visible  from  above  as  two  rounded  elevations  on   the   first   abdominal  seg- 
ment; moderate,  or  rather  large,  gaily  colored  moths,  often  with  metallic 

tints  and  bold  markings.     (Gnophaela.) PERICOPID^ 

Tympanic  bulla;  inconspicuous 52 

52.  White  or  yellow  moths  with  the  palpi  not  reaching  the  middle  of  the  smoothly 

scaled  front;  cubitus  four-branched  in  both  wings.     (Haploa.) 

ARCTIIDiaE,  part 
Palpi  longer;  cubitus  in  hind  wing  three-branched,  or  ground  color  of  wings 
gray;  stout  moths,  generally  of  sombre  brown  or  gray  color,  the  hind  wings 
sometimes  enlivened  by  large  pale  or  colored  patches;  a  very  extensive 
family.  Owlet  Moths,  Moths  of  cut-worms,  army-worms,  etc.  (Apatela 
Hadena,  Prodenia,  Laphygma  [L.  fnuiiperda.  Fall  army-worm],  Agrotis 
[several  common  cut-worms],  Peridroma  [P.  saiicia.  Variegated  cut-worm], 
Heliophila  [H.  vnipuncta.  Army-worm],  Xylina  [X.  antcnnata.  Green  fruit- 
worm],  Papaipema  [P.  nitela.  Stalk-borer],  Heliothis  [H.  ohsolcta.  Com 
ear- worm  and  Cotton  boll-worm],  Alabama  (=  Aletia)  [A.  argillacea.  Cotton- 
worm],  Catocala.)  (PI.  9,  fig.  202)  (Including  NYCTEOLIDM) 

NOCTUID.E 

53.  Fore  wing  with  raised  tufts  of  scales;   subcosta  usually  fused  with  the  radius 

to  near  the  middle  of  the  cell,  but  free  at  base;  small  moths  with  rather 

narrow  fore  wings,  and  short,  rounded  hind  wings.     (Celama,  N61a.)     (PI. 

11,  fig.  233.) NOLID^ 

Fore  wing  without  raised  tufts  of  scales,  smoothly  scaled  throughout 54 


Lepidoptera.  55 

54.  Subcosta  and  radius  in  hind  wing  fused  for  a  point  about  the  middle  of  the  cell, 

or  connected  by  a  cross  vein;  small  or  moderate-sized  moths  of  dull,  incon- 
spicuous colors,  the  females  of  many  species  partly  or  entirely  wingless. 
(Hemerocampa  (=  Notolopkvs,  Orgi/ia)  [H.  leucosiigma.  White-marked 
tussock  moth],  Olene,  Porthetria  (=Ocneria,  Liparis)  [P.  dispar,  Gypsy 
moth],  Euproctis  [£.  chnjsorrhcea.  Brown-tail  moth])  (LIPARID/E). 

LYMANTRIID^ 

Subcosta  and  radius  fused  from  the  base  to  the  middle  of  the  cell;  rather  small 

moths,  usually  of  dull  colors,  and  with  finely  scaled  wing.s,  the  fore  pair 

narrow  and  the  hind  pair  broad.    (Hypoprepia,  Crambidia)    (PI.  10,  fig.  226) . 

LITHOSim^,  part 

55.  Legs  absent,   adults  never  leaving  the  cocoon;  females.     (See  couplet  16). 

PSYCHED^,  part 
Legs  normally  developed 56 

56.  Cocoon  seed-like,  with  a  valve  at  one  end   (being  formed  of   the  larval  case), 

the  moth  normally  not  leaving  it;  females  (see  couplet  16) . PS YCHID.ffi,  part 
Cocoon  normally  felted,  of  the  larval  hair,  or  rudimentary  and  underground .  57 

57.  Abdomen  closely  scaled  or  spined,  or  with  bristly,  dark  gray  hair;  a  few  females 

(see  couplet  32) GEOMETRID-S;,  part 

Abdomen  smoothly  clothed  with  fine,  light,  woolly  hair;  moth  not  normally 
leaving  the  cocoon,  which  is  composed  of  the  larval  hair;  a  few  females 
(see  couplet  54) LYMANTRIID.^,  part 

58.  Fore  wing  with  three  or  four  unbranched  veins  only 59 

Fore  wing  with  some  branched  veins  in  addition  to  unbranched  ones 60 

59.  A  large  eyecap  present.     (Opostega.) OPOSTEGID^ 

No  eyecap  (see  couplet  80) " HELIOZELID.S,  part 

60.  A  well-developed  eyecap,  fringed  with  overlapping  scales;  labial  palpi  small; 

cell  slender  or  absent 61 

Eyecap  not  developed,  at  most  with  the  first  antennal  joint  large,  a  little  hol- 
lowed on  the  inner  side  and  fringed  with  a  single  row  of  bristles 62 

61.  Discal  cell  very  small,  less  than  a  tenth  of  the  area  of  the  wing,  or  wholly  absent; 

wing  membrane  prickly  (PI.  9,  fig.  200)  (Nepticula,  Ectcedemia). 

NEPTICtJLID^ 

Discal  cell  larger;  wing  membrane  not  prickly.     (Proleucoptera,  Phyllocnistis, 

Bucculatrix) LYONETIIDJE 

62.  Maxillary  palpi  twice  as  long  as  the  eye,  folded,  conspicuous;  living  as  larvae 

in  plants  of  the  genus  Yucca.     Yucca  Moths.     (Pronftba,  Prodoxus.)     (PI. 

9,  fig.  207.) PRODOXID^ 

Maxillary  palpi  shorter  than  the  eye,  or  porrect 63 

63.  Palpi  short,  at  most  barely  reaching  the  middle  of  the  front;  tongue  absent; 

covering  of  thorax  and  tibise  dense  and  hairy  (see  couplet  15). 

COSSID-S,  part 
Of  a  different  conformation 64 

64.  Covering  of  thorax  consisting  of  hairs,  some  of  them  broadened  at  tips,  also 

similar  on  palpi  and  legs;  palpi  large  and  usually  different  in  the  two  sexes. 


56  Key  lo  Families  of  Nort  •  American  Insects. 

wings  scaled;  venation  complete,  with  the  base  of  the  media  preserved. 

(Anaphora.) ANAPHORIN^  of  the  TINEn)^ 

Thorax,  at  least,  scaled  or  slender,  palpi  and  front  and  middle  tibia;  also  in 
the  majority  of  cases;  often  minute  moths  with  wings  tapering  at  both  ends,  65 

65.  Hind  wing  with  a  well  marked  anal  angle,  and  rounded  or  somewhat  pointed 

apex,  not  strongly  concave  below  it;  when  narrower  than  fore  wings,  with 

three  well  developed  anals 7^  ^  I 

Of  a  different  conformation 66 

66.  Hind  wing  tapering  toward  both  base  and  apex,  much  narrower  than  its  own 

fringe,  fore  wing  much  broader,  but  also  lanceolate 67 

Hind  wing  of  variable  size  with  produced  apex,  strongly  concave  below  apex, 
and  again  produced  more  or  less  on  the  third  medial  and  first  cubital,  with 
well  marked  anal  angle.  (Gnorimoschema,  Ypsolophus  [  }'.  lifjulellus. 
Palmer-worm],  Sitotroga  [S.  cerealella,  Angumois  grain-moth],  Phthormiaea 
[P.  operciiMci,  Potato- tuber  moth],  Gelechia)  (PI.  9,  fig.  209). 

GELECHim^ 

67.  Maxillary  palpi  present  and  folded  in  repose 68 

Maxillary  palpi  obsolete,  or  three-jointed  and  porrect 70 

68.  Head  extremely  rough,  with  bristling  vestiture 69 

Head  smoothly  scaled,  except  narrowly  behind.     (Acrolepia)  ACROLEPHD.^ 

69.  Wing  membrane  prickly  (PI.  9,  fig.  200),  first  branch  of  the  radius  in  hind  wing 

much  stronger  than  the  base  of  the  main  stem  of  the  radius,  and  appearing 

as  a  basal  fork  of  the  subcosta  (see  couplet  82) ADELID.^,  part 

Wing  membrane  not  prickly;  first  branch  of  radius  in  hind  wing  no  stronger 
than  the  basal  portion  of  the  radial  stem,  well  out  from  the  base,  connecting 
the  subcosta  and  radius,  which  are  closely  parallel  toward  the  base  (see 
couplet  84) A  few  TINEID.S 

70.  Head  very  rough  and  bristly  on  both  vertex  and  face;  second  joint  of  palpus 

with  lateral  bristles  toward  tip.     (Tenaga.) TINEID.S,  part 

Lower  part  of  face,  at  least,  smoothly  scaled;  palpi  without  bristles 71 

71.  Fore  wing  with  at  most  four  veins,  either  free  or  stalked,  to  the  costa  from  the 

cell;  with  five  or  six  veins  rimning  to  the  inner  margin  (fifth  branch  of  the 
radius  running  to  the  outer  margin  (see  couplet  90). 

YPONOMEUTID^,  part 

Fore  wing  with  five  veins  running  to  the  costa  from  the  cell,  or  with  only 

three  or  four  to  the  inner  margin  (fifth  radial  running  to  the  costa) 72 

72.  Vertex  rough-bristled 73 

Vertex  smooth-scaled,  or  with  a  few  erect  scales  behind 75 

73.  Accessory  cell  (in  front  of  and  beyond  the  discal  cell)  very  large,  extending 

nearly  halfway  to  the  base  of  the  wing;  fore  wing  with  heavy  spinules  on 
base  of  the  subcosta  and  base  of  the  cell.     (Tischeria,  Coptotriche)  (PI.  9. 

fig.   212) TISCHERim^ 

Accessory  cell  small,  or  more  often  absent;  wing  membrane  not  prickly.  .  .  .74 

74.  Anal  vein  in  fore  wing  forked  at  the  base;  costa  of  hirxd  wing  not  lobed.     (Be- 

deUia.) LYONETICDiE,   part 


Lepidoptera.  57 

Anal  vein  in  fore  wing  simple;  tosta  of  hind  wing  strongly  lobed,  with  the 
obscure  basal  parts  of  the  subcosta  and  radius  closely  parallel  to  the  edge 

of  the  lobe.     (Lithocolletes,  Gracilaria,  Omix.) GRAdLARIID.^ 

is.  Subcosta  and  radius  in  hind  wing  nearly  straight  and  parallel  toward  base, 
usually  connected  by  a  distinct,  but  weak  crossvein;  rarely,  when  subcosta 
is  very  short,  this  vein  enters  the  costa  beyond  the  tip  of  the  subcosta; 
when  the  costa  is  lobed,  with  the  subcosta  fairly  straight,  and  ending  at 
the  commencement  of  the  concave  portion 7R 

Subcosta  and  radius  sharply  divergent  at  base;  first  radial  vein,  when  traceable, 
appearing  as  a  basal  fork  of  the  subcosta,  oblique,  short  and  heavy,  and  the 
radial  stem  running  nearly  through  the  axis  of  the  wing;  or  with  the  sub- 
costa and  radius  both  obscure,  closely  parallel  to  the  basal  lobe  of  the  costa, 
and  the  radius  functionally  replaced  by  the  base  of  the  media 77 

76.  Palpi   upturned   to   the   vertex.     (Mompha,   Cosmopteryx,   Coleophora   [C- 

vialivorella).  Pistol  case-bearer;   C.  fleicherella.   Cigar  case-bearer])    (PI.  9, 

fig.  208) COSMOPTERYGm^ 

Palpi  minute,  drooping.     (Heliodines.) HELIODINID.^ 

77.  Maxillary  palpi  present,  porrect  (see  couplet  74) GRACILARIIDyE,  part 

Maxillary  palpi  absent 78 

78.  Cubital  stem  in  hind  wing  at  least  two-branched;  palpi  usually  smoothly 

upturned  to  vertex;  hind  tibiae  loosely  hairy.     (Elachista.) 

ELACHISTIDiE 
Cubital  stem  in  hind  wing  simple,  free;  no  cell,  or  with  very  short  palpi ....  79 

79.  Basal  joint  of  antennae  broadened  with  overlapping  scales   (a  vestige  of  an 

eyecap);  tongue  weak;  cubitus  in  hind  wing  simple;  hind  tibiae  with  a  regular 

series  of  bristles.     (Phyllocnistis,  part)  (see  couplet  61)  LYONETIIDiE,  part 

Basal  joint  of  antennae  simple,  or  with  a  slight  comb  of  bristles 80 

80.  Palpi  usually  hanging,  if  upturned,  not  reaching  the  middle  of  the  front. 

(Heliozela,  Antispila,  Coptodisca,  Cycloplasis.) HELIOZELID.^ 

Palpi  moderately  long  and  usually  slender,  upturned  in  life  (see  couplet  74). 

GRACILARIID^ 

81.  Second  branch  of  the  cubitus  in  the  fore  wing  arising  less  than  two-thirds  way 

out  of  the  cell;  rather  or  quite  small  moths,  the  fore  wings  frequently 
more  or  less  truncate  or  faintly  excised  at  the  tip.  Leaf-rollers.  (Ole- 
threutes,  Eucosma,  Spilonota  (=  Tmeiocera)  [S.  ocellana,  Bud-mothl 
Ancylis  [A.  comptana.  Strawberry  leaf-roller],  Enarmonia  [E.  prunivora^ 
Lesser   apple-worm],   Carpocapsa  (=C2/cZia)   [C.  pomonella.   Codling-moth], 

Archips,  Tortrix.) INIost  TORTRICID^ 

Second  cubital  vein  in  fore  wing  arising  further  out  of  the  cell 82 

82.  Wing  membrane  prickly;  subcosta  in  hind  wing  with  a  strong  basal  fork,  or 

considerably  swollen  at  base;  radius  and  subcosta  usually  sharply  divergent 
from  the  base;  antennae  often  extremely  long;  vertex  very  rough.     (Inciir- 

varia,  Adela,  Cyane.) ADELIDjiE,  part 

Wing  membrane  not  prickly;  antennae  never  much  longer  than  the  fore  wing; 
first  radial  rarely  as  strong  as  the  other  veins,  and  when  distinct,  separated 
from  the  base  of  the  wing  by  several  times  its  length 8S 


58  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

83.  Maxillary  palpi  four-  or  five-jointed,  folded 84 

Maxillary  palpi  three-jointed  or  vestigial,  projecting 85 

«4.  Head  only  slightly  rough  behind.     (Acrolepia.) ACROLEPilD.S;,  part 

Vertex   with   long,  bristly    vestiturc.     (Tinea  [T.  pellionella.  Clothes-moth], 
Tineola  [T.  hiselliella.  Clothes-moth],  Xylesthia,  Setomorpha)  (PI.  9,  fig. 

201) TINEID^  ' 

85.  First  and  second  branches  of  the  media  both  absent  in  the  hind  wing.     (Car- 

posina.) TORTRICID.S;,  part 

First  branch  of  the  media  present  in  the  hind  wing 86 

&Q.  Labial  palpi  with  bristles  on  each  side  of  the  second  joint,  or  the  vertex  and 
the  front  both  with  extremely  long,  rough  vestiture,  and  the  second  joint 
of  the  palpi  heavily  tufted  and  the  third  long  (see  couplet  84). 

TmEID.E,  part 
Labial  palpi  without  bristles;  head  with  short,  fairly  smooth  vestiture,  or 

third  joint  of  palpi  inconspicuous 87 

'87.  Radius  and  first  medial  vein  in  hind  wing  close  together  or  stalked 88 

Radius  and  first  medial  vein  in  hind  wing  widely  separate  at  base,  at  least  half 

as  far  apart  as  at  margin 93 

88.  Palpi  as  long  as  the  head,  with  the  second  joint  triangularly  scaled,  third  less 

than  half  as  long;  normally  projecting 89 

Palpi  upturned  to  beyond  middle  of  front,  often  far  beyond  vertex,  third  joint 

more  than  half  as  long  as  second  and  upturned 90 

•89.  Fourth  and  fifth  radial  veins  separate.     (Phalonia.) 

PHALONIIN^  of  the  TORTRICID^ 
Fourth  and  fifth  radial  veins   stalked,  to  costa.     (Anarsia  cT   \A.  lincatella. 

Peach  twig-borer].) GELECHIED^,  part 

QO.  Veins  of  fore  wing  all  present;  fifth  radial  vein  running  to  outer  margin;  wings 
very  frequently  ornamented  with  series  of  dots  contrasting  with  the  ground 
color.     (Atteva,  Yponomevita,  Choreutis,  Argyresthia.) 

YPONOMEUXm-E,  part 

Fifth  branch  of  radius  in  fore  wing  running  to  the  costa,  or  lost 91 

■91.  Hind  wing  lanceolate  (tapering  toward  base  and  apex)  narrower  than  the  fore 

wing  (see  couplet  76) COSMOPTERYGID.ffi 

Hind  wing  wider  than  the  fore  wing,  not  lanceolate 92 

52.  Fore  wing  with  all  veins  from  cell  arising  separately;  radius  and  first  medial 
vein  in   hind  wing  long-stalked.     (Stendma,  BrachilSma.)     {XYLORYC- 

TIDM) STENOMm.^ 

Fore  wing  with  the  fourth  and  fifth  radial  veins  stalked;  hind  wing  trapezoidal 
and  usually  wider,  strongly  rounded  out  at  the  end  of  the  third  medial  and 

first  cubital  (see  couplet  66) A  few  GELECHIIDiE 

:93.  Second  radial  vein  arising  at  the  apex  of  the  cell;  third  medial  and  cubitals 
also  closely  crowded  from  lower  angle;  male  usually  with  strong  sexual 
modifications;  five  radials  extending  to  the  costa.     (Valentinia,  Holcocera, 

Dryope.) BLASTOBASIDiE 

Second  radial  arising  distinctly  before  the  apex  of  the  cell,  well  away  from  the 
origin  of  the  third  radial 94 


Lepidoptera.  59 

94.  Five  veins  extending  from  the  cell  to  the  costa  in  fore  wing 95 

Four  veins  from  cell  to  costa  in  fore  wing,  the  fifth  radial  ending  decidedly 

below  wing-tip 96 

95.  Second  branch  of  media  in  hind  wing  arising  decidedly  nearer  to  the  first 

than  the  third  medial.     (Ethmia.) ETHMIID-S 

Second  medial  vein  in  hind  wing  arising  nearer  the  third  medial,  or  rarely  mid- 
way between  the  first  and  third.     (Agnepteryx,  Depressaria,  Epicallima.) 

(ECOPHORIDiE,  part 

96.  Fourth  and  fifth  radial  veins  stalked;  ocelli  absent  or  vestigial  (see  couplet 

95) (ECOPHORLD.^,  part 

All  veins  in  fore  wing  arising  separately,  if  the  fourth  and  fifth  radials  are 
rarely  stalked,  the  ocelli  are  large  (see  couplet  90)  .YPONOMEUTID.^,  part 

97.  Radius  in  fore  wing  five-branclied,  all  arising  from  the  discal  cell;  eyes  strongly 

lashed  in  front;  antennte  separated  at  base  by  a  distance  greater  than  half 
the  width  of  eyes,  usually  hooked  at  tip;  small,  rarely  rather  large,  stout- 
bodied  butterflies  of  rapid,  erratic  flight.     Skippers  (Pamphila,  Nisoniades, 

EMamus,  Megathymus.)  (PI.  10,  figs.  213,  219,  237) HESPERiro.^ 

Fore  wings  with  some  of  the  radials  stalked  or  absent;  eyes  rarely  lashed; 
antennae  closer  together,  the  antennal  club  never  pointed  and  recurved 
at  tip 98 

98.  Front  pair  of  legs,  at  least  in  the  male,  more  or  less  strikingly  difi'erent  from 

the  other  pairs;  usually  not  used  for  walking;  the  claws  of  their  tarsi,  when 

present,  never  toothed  nor  split 99 

Front  legs  like  the  other  pairs,  or  if  slightly  reduced  in  size  and  structure,  with 
the  claws  toothed  or  bifid 108 

99.  Front  tarsus  without  claws  in  either  sex  (PI.  10,  figs.  217,  218);  front  legs 

much  reduced  in  size  in  both  sexes,  their  tarsi  in  the  male  with  only  one 

joint;  in  the  female  usually  with  five  joints 100 

Front  tarsus  of  female  with  claws,  that  of  the  male  sometimes  with  a  single 
claw;  front  legs  never  much  reduced  in  size.    (PI.  10,  figs  21-1,  215.) ....  106 

100.  Discal  cell  of  hind  wings  closed 101 

Discal  cell  of  hind  wings  open 105 

101.  Front  foot  of  female  ending  in  a  corrugated    knob;  subcostal  vein    in  fore 

wing  forked  at  the  extreme  base;  antennfe  not  scaled  above;  generally  large 
butterflies  with  rather  bold  contrasting  coloration;  mainly  tropical.  (Anosia 
{=Danais)  [A.  arehippus.  Milkweed-butterfly])  (PI.  10,  fig.  235). 

{EUPLCEIDM)  LYMNADED^ 

Front  tarsus  of   female   present,  though  more  or  less  abbreviated.     (PI.  10, 

fig.   218.) 102 

102.  Fore  wings  twice  as  long  as  broad 103 

Fore  wings  much  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad 104 

103.  Antenna;  clothed  with  scales,  at  least  above;  front  tarsus  of  female  four- 

jointed;  wings  opaque;  medium-sized,  brightly  colored  butterflies  with 
elongate  oval  wings;  mainly  tropical.     (Apostraphia,  Heliconius.) 

HELICONiro.^ 
Antennae  naked,  wings  often  in  great  part  translucent  and  destitute  of  scales; 
wings  elongate,  oval;  mainly  tropical.     (Dircenna,  Ithomia.) 

ITHOMilD.ffl 


60  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

104.  Some  of  the  veins  at  the  base  of  the  fore  wing  greatly  swollen;  usually  small 

butterflies,  rarely  rather  large;  frequently  of  brownish  color  with  yellowish 
eyespots  or  ringed  marks  (Cercyonis  {=Safyrus),  Coenonympha,   Enodia     y 

i^Debis),  Cissia.)  (PI.  10.  fig.  218.) AGAPETID^ 

Veins  not  swollen  at  base  of  fore  wing;  large  tropical  species  with  very  broad 
wings,  above  with  deep,  rich  colors,  below  with  eye-spots  and  intricate  lines; 
tropical,  in  the  United  States  only  as  accidental  visitors.     (Caligo.) 

brass6lid.e 

105.  Hind  wings  with  a  cradle-like  depression   along  the  inner  margin  in  which 

the  abdomen  rests;  large  species,  usually  with  brilliant  metallic  blue  olor; 

tropical.     (Morpho.) \ MORPHOID-ffi; 

Hind  wings  without  structure  of  this  sort;  usually  moderate-sized  species 
without  brilliant  blue  coloration;  many  common  brightly  colored  butter- 
flies. (Argynnis,  Brenthis,  Phyciodes,  Polygonia  {=Grapta),  Euvanessa 
(=  Vanessa),  Vanessa  (=  Pyrameis),  Basilarchia  (=  Limenitis),  Anaea.)  (PI. 
10,  figs.  217,  236) NYMPHALID.©        V 

106.  Palpi  very  long,  porrect,  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  body 

and  thickly  hairy.     (Hypatus.) LIBYTHEIDiB 

Palpi  not  elongated,  of  ordinary  size 107 

107.  Subcosta  in  hind    wing    giving    off    a  spur  at  the  base,  the  humeral  vein. 

(Calephelis,  Polystigma)  (PI.  10.  fig.  215)  {RIODINID/E,  ERYCINIDM) 

LEMONIID^ 
Subcosta  in  hind  wing  without  such  a  spur  at  the  base;  first  branch  of  the 
media  almost  always  arising  at  or  near  the  apex  of  the  discal  cell;  no  humeral 
vein  in  hind  wing;  generally  small,  delicate  species,  the  antennae  ringed  with 
white;  often  brightly  colored  and  with  very  slender,  tail-like  appendages 
on  the  hind  wings.  (Thecla,  Chrysophanus  ["Coppers"],  Lycaena  ["Blues"]) 
(PI.  10,   fig.  214)    (RURALID.E) LYC^NID^ 

108.  All  tarsal  claws  bifid;  anterior  tibiae  without  pads;  hind  wing  with  two  well- 

developed  anal  veins;  medium-sized  or  rather  small  butterflies  with  broad 
wings;  typically  yellowish  or  white  with  blackish  marginal  markings. 
(Pontia  {=Pieris)  [P.  rapw.  Cabbage  butterfly],  Eurymus  {=CoUas)  ["Yel- 
lows"].  Eurema  (=  Terias.) PIERID^ 

Tarsal  claws  large,  not  toothed  or  bifid;  anterior  tibiae  with  pads;  hind  wing 
with  only  one  anal  vein 109 

109.  Radius  in  fore  wing  four-branched;  discal  cell  in  hind  wing  not  connected 

to  the  anal  vein  by  a  crossvein;  medium-sized  butterflies  with  white  ground- 
color on  wings,  marked  with  dusky  and  usually  with  a  red  eye-spot  on  hind  • 

wing;  alpine  species.     (Pamassius.) PARNASSIID.ffi 

Radius  in  fore  wing  five-branched;  anal  crossvein  present;  hind  wing  usually 
with  a  tail-like  prolongation;  ground-color  of  wings  black;  large,  showy 
butterflies  with  conspicuous,  contrasting  color  pattern.  Swallow-tail 
butterflies.     (Papilio,  Laertias,  Iphiclides)  (PI.  9.  fig.  210). 

PAPILIONIDiE        ^ 


Dipt  era.  61 


ORDER  DIPTERA 

{ANTLIATA,  HALTERATA,  HALTERIPTERA, 
HAUSTELLATA.) 

Minute  to  moderate-sized,  rarely  large  insects,  usually  with 
good  powers  of  flight;  the  hind  wings  replaced  by  small  knobbed 
structures  (halteres):  head  usually  vertical,  freely  movable; 
antennae  variable,  frequently  three-jointed  and  provided  with  a 
sensory  bristle  (style  or  arista);  mouth-parts  suctorial;  both  the 
prothorax  and  metathorax  small  and  fused  with  the  large  meso- 
thorax;  wings  membranous,  veins  and  crossveins  not  numerous; 
legs  usually  alike,  the  tarsi  regularly  five-jointed.  Metamor- 
phosis complete,  the  larvae  almost  always  legless  grubs  or  maggots, 
frequently  with  the  head  retracted  and  indistinct;  pupse  with  the 
appendages  more  or  less  adherent,  the  body  sometimes  entirely 
encased  in  a  seed-like  capsule  (puparium).  Food-habits  variable. 
Flies,  Mosquitoes,  Gnats,  Midges. 

1.  AntennfE  generally  longer  than  the  thorax,  usually  composed  of  from  eight  to 

sixteen  free  joints  (PI.  12,  figs.  26^2,  266,  272)  and  rarely  with  a  differentiated 
style  or  bristle;  anal  cell  widely  open,  rarely  narrowed  in  the  margin  of  the 
wing,  discal  cell  usually  absent,  second  vein  often  forked;  calypter  absent; 
palpi  usually  elongate,  hanging  downward  and  comprising  four  or  five  joints; 

body  very  rarely  with  bristles.     (NEMATOCERA.) 2 

Antennae  usually  three-jointed,  the  third  joint  however  often  complex  (PI.  12, 
fig.  283)  or  bearing  a  differentiated  style  (PI.  12,  fig.  300)  or  arista  (Pl.  12, 
fig.  30l) ;  anal  cell  distally  narrowed  or  closed,  sometimes  very  short  or  even 
absent,  discal  cell  usually  present,  second  vein  never  furcate;  palpi  short, 
projecting  forward,  never  with  more  than  two  jomts.  (BRACHYCERA.) .  17 

2.  At  least  nine  veins  reach  the  margin  of  the  wing,  discal  cell  often  present,  second 

and  fourth  veins  forked 3 

Less  than  nine  veins  terminate  in  the  margin  of  the  wing,  no  discal  cell 9 

3.  Costa  continuing  around  the  hind  margin  of  the  wing;  ocelli  almost  always 

wanting 4 

Costa  much  thinned  beyond  the  tip  of  the  wing;  a  single  pad  between  the  tarsal 
claws;  ocelli  present;  males  holoptic;  wings  usually  spotted.  (Rhyphus, 
Olbiogaster)  (PI.  12,  figs.  276,  288)  {ANISOPIDM,  PHRYNEIDjE). 

RHYPHIDJE 

4.  Veins  bare  or  nearly  so,  if  hairy  the  mesonotum  has  a  V-shaped  suture;  legs 

very  long  and  slender;  body  and  wings  elongate;  males  dichoptic,  i.  e.  the 

eyes  not  meeting  above 5 

Veins,  including  the  hind  margin,  very  hairy  or  scaly;  body  hairy  or  scaly; 
mesonotum  without  a  transverse  suture 6 


62  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

5.  Mesonotum  without  a  transverse  suture;  second  vein  strongly  arched  forward. 

(Dixa) DIXID^ 

Mesonotum  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  suture;  female  with  a  conical  ovipositor. 
Crane-flies,  Daddy-long-legs 7 

6.  Wings  ovate  or  pointed,  held  folded  roof-like  against  the  body,  veins  very  hairy; 

tibiae    without    terminal    spurs;    small    species.     Moth-flies.     (Psychoda, 

Pericoma)    (PI.   12,  fig.  263) PSYCH6DID.ffi; 

Wings  narrow,  not  thus  folded  against  the  body;  veins  scaly;  tibiae  with  terminal 
spurs;  antennae  of  the  males  usually  feathered  with  long  hairs.  Mosquitoes. 
Culex  [C.  quinqueja.tciatus.  Dengue-fever  and  Filaria  mosquito],  Aedes 
[A.  caIopus{=Stegomyia  fasciata).  Yellow-fever  mosquito].  Anopheles  [A. 
quadrimaculatus.   Malaria   mosquito])     (PI.  12,   fig.  267) CULICIDjE 

7.  Suture  of  mesonotum  distinctly  V-shaped;  two  anal  veins  present 8 

Mesonotal  suture  not  distinctly  V-shaped,  but  incomplete  or  curved;  one  anal 

vein  present.  (Bittacomorpha,  Ptychoptera)  (PI.  12,  fig.  269)  {LIRI- 
OPEID^) PTYCHOPTERIDiE 

8.  Last  joint  of  palpi  whiplash-like,  much  longer  than  the  three  preceding  together; 

antennae  with  rarely  more  than  thirteen  joints;  auxiliarj^  vein  ending  in  the 
first  vein  by  an  abrupt  curvature  at  the  tip,  not  connected  with  the  first 
by  a  crossvein.     (Tipula,  Pachjn-hma,  Ctenophora)   (PI.  11,  fig.  240;  PI. 

12,  fig.  273) TIPULIDyE 

Last  joint  of  the  palpi  shorter  or  not  much  longer  than  the  two  preceding  to- 
gether; antennae  six-  to  sixteen-jointed,  rarely  more;  auxiliary  vein  usually 
ending  in  the  costa  and  connected  with  the  first  vein  by  a  distinct  crossvein. 
(Lunnobia,  Erioptera,  Limnophila,  Trichocera)  (including  CYLINDRO 
TOMID^) LIMNOBIID^ 

9.  Antennae  composed  apparently  of  two  joints  and  a  terminal  nine-  or  ten-jointed 

arista;   a   small   but  broad   second   basal   cell   present;  rare  small  species. 

(OrphnephUa)  (PI.  12,  fig.  284) ORPHNEPHILID^ 

Outer  part  of  the  antennae  not  formed  like  an  arista;  second  basal  cell  absent, 
or,  if  present,  narrow 10 

10.  Wings  with  a  secondary  neuration  like  a  fine  network  of  creased  lines;  slender 

long-legged    species.     (Bibiocephala,   Blepharocera)     (PI.    12,     fig.     277) 

(LIPONEURID^) BLEPHAROCERID-^ 

W' ings  without  such  secondary  neuration 11 

11.  Second  basal  cell  present;  antennae  usually  shorter  than  the  thorax,  rather 

stout,  without  constrictions  between  the  joints;  eyes  of  the  male  often  large, 
ocelli   almost  always  present.     (Bibio,  Dilophus,  Plecia)  (PI.  11,  fig.  241; 

PI.   12,  fig.  266)   (including    PACHYNEURIDM) BIBIONID^ 

Second  basal  cell  wanting 12 

12.  Antennae  shorter  than  the  thorax,  rather  stout,  composed  of  ten  or  eleven 

closely  united  joints,  never  feathery;  eyes  of  males  meeting  above;  body 
stout,  legs  strong;  anterior  veins  strong,  posterior  veins  weak.  Buffalo- 
gnats,   Black-flies.     (Sunulium)  (PI.  11,  fig.  243;  PI.  12,  fig.  272)  {MEL- 

USINIDM) SIMULIIDiE 

Antennae  long  and  slender,  the  joints   longer  than  broad,    rarely    (Ceroplatus) 
the  antennae  are  flattened;  body  slender 13 


Diptera.  6S 

13.  Tibiae  with  apical  spurs,  coxae  usually  long;  three  or  two  ocelli  almost  always 

present;  eyes  separated.  Fungus-gnats.  (Mycetophila,  Macrocera,  My- 
comyia  i=Sciophila),  Ceroplatus)    (PI.  U,  fig.  280)  {FUNGIVORWM).  y 

MYCETOPHILID^ 

Tibise  usually  without  apical  spurs;  often  no  ocelli;  coxae  at  most  moderately 

long 14 

14.  Costa  continuing  around  the  hind  margin  of  the  wing;  wings  almost  always 

finely  hairy  and  usually  with  three  longitudinal  veins,  the  last  forked,  and 
without  apparent  crossveins;  eyes  usually  separated;  minute,  delicate 
species.  Gall-gnats.  (Cecidomyia,  Mayetiola  [M.  destructor,  Hessian  fly]^ 
Dasyneura,  Lasioptera,  Contarinia  [C.  tritici.  Wheat  midge;  C.  (=  Diplosis) 
pyrivora.  Pear  midge].)     (PI.  11,  fig.  242;  PI.  12,  fig.  262). 

ilTONlDIDM)  CECIDOMYIID^ 

Costa  not  or  but  weakly  continued  on  the  hind  margin,  more  than  three  veins 

present;  eyes  usually  meeting  above  in  the  males 15 

15.  Antennal  joints  more  or  less  constricted,   often  feathered  and  bushy  in  the 

male,  six  to  fifteen  in  number;  wings  usually  narrow;  eyes  kidney-shaped 
or  oval;  ocelli  wanting  or  vestigial.  Midges,  Gnats,  Punkies.  Ceratopogon 
[Punkies],  Chironomus,  Orthocladius,  Tanypus)  (Including  ERETMOP- 
TERID^  and  STENOXENIDiE)  {TENDIPEDIDM).  / 

CHJRONOMro.® 

Antennal  joints  rarely  constricted  and  at  most  verticillate,  i.  e.  furnished  with 

whorls  of  loose  hairs;  wings  usually  more  oval;  eyes  kidney-shaped,  meeting 

on  the  vertex;  ocelli  distinct Iff 

16.  Antennal  joints  longer  than  broad;  hind  margin  of  the  wing  slightly  thickened; 

tibial  spurs  distinct;  eyes  narrow  above  the  front.     (Sciara,  Lestremia^ 

Campylomyza) {LYCORIID.E)  SCIARID.^ 

Antennal  joints  shorter  than  broad;  hind  margin  of  the  wing  not  thickened; 
eyes  relatively  broad  above  the  front.     (Scatopse,  Aspistes.) 

SCATOPSm^ 

17.  Empodia  developed  pulvilliform,  that  is,  three  nearly  equal  pads  under  the 

tarsal  claws  (PI.   12,   fig.  261);  head  and  thorax  without  strong  bristles. 

(Eremoch.eta) 18 

Empodia  wanting  or  represented  by  a  bristly  hair,  therefore  only  two  tarsal 
pads  (PI.  12,  fig.  259);  bristles  often  well  developed;  third  antennal  joint 
never  truly  annulated 25 

18.  Third  joint  of  the  antennae  complex,  annulated  into  four  to  eight  apparent 

segments,  or  the  antennae  more  than  five-jointed 19' 

Third  joint  of  the  antennae  simple,  not  composed  of  rings 23 

19.  No  vein  on  the  hind  margin  of  the  wings,  prefurca  (t.  e.  the  petiole  of  the  second 

and  third  veins)  arising  opposite  the  base  of  the  small  and  anteriorly  placed 
discal  cell,  anterior  veins  usually  crowded  near  the  costa,  the  other  vein* 
faint;   scutellum   often  armed.     (Stratiomyia,  Sargus,  Nemotelus)  (PI.  11,       / 

fig.  244) STRATIOMYilD.ffi    ^ 

Costa  continuing  around  the  hind  margin  of  the  wing,  prefurca  longer  (short 
only  in  Pantophthalmidae),  veins  not  crowded  forward,  the  fork  of  the  third 
vein  usually  enclosing  the  tip  of  the  wing,  five  posterior  cells 20 


■64  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

20.  Calypteres  small  or  vestigial;  head  not  hemispherical,  the  occiput  convex.  .21 
Calypteres  conspicuous;  third  antennal  joint  composed  of  four  to  eight  annuli; 

head  widely  hemispherical;  females  bloodsucking.  Horse-flies,  Gad-flies. 
(Tabanus,  Chrysops,  Sflvius)  (PI.  11,  fig.  247;  PI.  12,  figs.  258,  283). 

TABANID.S; 

21.  A  slight  spur  on  the  middle  tibiae  only;  second  submarginal  cell  widely  trian- 

gular; fourth  posterior  cell  closed;  gigantic,  tropical  flies.     (Pantopthalmus) 

(PI.  11,  fig.  240) {ACANTHOMERID/E)  PANTOPHTHALMID.^ 

At  least  the  middle  tibise  with  evident  spurs;  second  submarginal  cell  not  wide, 
fourth  posterior  cell  usually  open 22 

22.  Face  flat  or  produced,  the  facial  orbits  and  the  cheeks  not  sutured;  eyes  of 

the  male  not  meeting;  antennae  of  Rhachicerus  pectinate  and  with  about 
thirty  divisions.  (Xylophagus,  Rhachicerus)  (PI.  12,  figs.  286,  290)  (includ- 
ing RHACHICERIDM.) {ERINMDM)  XYLOPHAGID^ 

Facial  orbits  and  cheeks  separated  from  the  central  part;  eyes  of  males  meeting; 
scutellum  of  Ccenomyia  spined.  (Ccenomyia,  Arthropeas)  (PI.  12,  fig. 
287) C(ENOMYIID^ 

23.  At  least  the  posterior  tibise  with  spurs;  costa  encompassing  the  wing  margin, 

anterior  crossvein  distinct;  calypteres  vestigial.  (Leptis,  Chrysopila,  Sym- 
phoromyia)  (PI.  12,  fig.  291). 

{LEFT ID ^=  LEFT IDIDM)  RHAGIONID^ 

Tibise  with  short  or  no  spurs;  cosIaTgreatly  thinned  beyond  the  tip  of  the  wing, 

anterior  crossvein  usually  absent  or  located  near  the  base  of  the  discal  cell,  24 

24.  Head  very  small  as  compared  with  the  greatly  hump-backed  body;  calypteres 

inflated;  posterior  veins  not  parallel  with  the  hind  margin  of  the  wing; 
eyes  of  both  sexes  broadly  contiguous.  (Acrocera,  Opsebius,  Oncodes, 
Eulonchus)  (PI.  11,  fig.  245)  {ACROCERID^,  HENOPIDJE,  ON  COD- 
ID^)  CYRTID^ 

Head  as  wide  as  the  depressed  thorax;  calypteres  vestigial;  posterior  veins 
parallel  with  the  hind  margin,  first  basal  cell  very  long,  its  forward  border 
continued  obliquely  across  the  wing  as  a  "diagonal  vein."  (Hirmonefira, 
Rhynchocephalus)  (PI.  12,  fig.  295) NEMISTRINIDiE 

25.  Anal  cell  much  longer  than  the  second  basal,  either  open,  or  closed  in  or  near 

the  margin  of  the  wing,  basal  cells  relatively  long,  third  vein  almost  always 

forked 26 

Anal  cell  when  present  shorter,  closed  some  distance  from  the  wing-margin, 
if  long  and  acute  the  third  vein  is  not  forked;  small  crossvein  never  formed,  31 

26.  Vertex  plane  or  convex,  the  eyes  not  bulging,  eyes  of  males  often  meeting; 

legs  not  robust 27 

Vertex  sunken,  the  eyes  bulging  and  never  contiguous;  wing-veins  numerous; 
often  large  species  with  strong  legs 30 

27.  Small  crossvein  present  (PI.  12,  fig.  258,  p.  c.  v.),  five  posterior  cells;  abdomen 

rather  long  and  tapering   28 

Small  crossvein  absent,  four  or  three  posterior  cells,  if  five  posterior  cells  pres- 
ent the  extra  one  is  due  to  an  extra  vein  bisecting  the  third;  abdomen  usually 
oval 29 


Diptera.  65 

28.  Fourth  vein  ending  before  the  wing-tip;  at  least  the  scutellum  bristly;  antennae 

with  a  very  short  style;  eyes  separated;  palpi  broadened  at  tip.     (Apiocera, 

Rhaphiomydas) APIOCERID^ 

Fourth  vein  ending  beyond  the  tip  of  the  wing;  body  usually  furry  rather  than 
bristly;  palpi  not  broadened  apically.  (Thereva,  Psilocephala,  Tabiida) 
(PI.  12.  fig.  293) THEREVIDiE 

29.  Proboscis  long  and  thin;  body  usually  furry  and  stout  though  rarely  (Sys- 

tropus)  extremely  slender  and  bare;  a  small  style  usually  present;  fourth 
vein  ending  beyond  tip  of  the  wing.  (Anthrax,  Exoprosopa,  Bombylius, 
Geron,  Systropus.)  (PI.  11,  fig.  249;  PI.  12,  figs.  265,  294) .  .  BOMBYLIID^ 
Proboscis  hidden;  body  bare;  antennae  without  a  style;  fourth  vein  ending  at 
the  tip  of  the  wing.     (Scenopinus,  Pseudatrichla)  (PI.  11,  fig.  248). 

{OMPHRALID.E)  SCENOPINID^ 

SO.  Body  without  bristles;  fourth  vein  curving  forward,  neuration  complex,  pre- 

furca  (the  stalk  of  the  second  and  third  veins)  short;  antennae  with  a  clubbed 

style;  proboscis  with  fleshy  expanded  tip,  palpi  vestigial.     (Mydas,  Lepto- 

mydas)  (PI.  12,  fig.  298) {MYDASIDM)  MYDAID^ 

Body  usually  with  bristles,  face  bearded;  fourth  vein  not  curving  forward, 
neuration  normal,  prefurca  long;  proboscis  adapted  for  piercing,  not  fleshy, 
palpi  usually  prominent.  Robber-flies.  (Leptogaster,  Cyrtopogon,  Laph- 
ria,  Erax,  Proctacanthus)  (PI.  12,  fig.  264) ASILID^ 

31.  No  frontal  suture;  anal  crossvein  usually  reflexed;  when  the  anal  cell  is  pointed 

the  arista  is  terminal  and  the  calypteres  and  alula  are  not  prominent .  .  32 
If  the  anal  crossvein  is  reflexed  a  frontal  suture  is  evident,  if  the  frontal  lunule 
is  obscure  the  anal  cell  is  longer  than  the  second  basal  cell;  arista  almost 
always  dorsal;  calypteres  and  alula  usually  pronounced.  (CYCLOR- 
RHAPHA) 35 

32.  Neuration  fairly  normal,  without  faint  oblique  veins;  antennae  evidently  two- 

or  three-jointed 33 

Wings,  when  present,  with  several  stout  anterior  veins  running  into  the  costa 
and  other  weak  ones  obliquely  extending  across  the  wing;  antennae  placed 
low,  apparently  single-jointed  and  with  a  long  arista;  hind  legs  long,  their 
femora  compressed;  small,  hunchbacked,  quick  running  flies.  (Dohmi- 
phora,  Phora,  Hypocera,  Aphiochaeta.)  (PI.  11,  fig.  250) PHORID^E 

33.  Wings  rounded  at  the  tip,  second  vein  ending  considerably,  before  the  wing- 

tip,  crossveins  present;  oral  bristles  absent;  eyes  of  males  often  meeting; 
face  usually  narrow;  predaceous  species.  (Microphona,  Orthogenta.)  .  .  34 
Wings  pointed,  no  crossveins  except  at  the  base,  second  basal  cell  short,  second 
vein  ending  almost  at  the  tip  of  the  wing;  face  with  oral  vibrissae;  eyes  sep- 
arated.    (Acroptera)  (Lonchoptera.)  (PI.  11,  fig.  254;  PI.  12,  fig.  278). 

{MUSIDORIDM)   LONCHOPTERID^ 

54.  At  least  one  basal  cell  evident,  discal  cell  usually  separate  from  the  second 

basal  cell;  calypteres  small;  proboscis  usually  rigid;  antennal  style  or  arista 

usually  terminal;  abdomen  typically  with  seven  segments,  male  genitalia 

never  inflexed;  color  almost  never  metallic;  third   vein  sometimes  forked. 


66  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

(Hybos,  Hemerodromia,  Clinocera,  Platypalpus,  Rhamphomyia)  (PI.  11, 
fig.  ^251;  PI.  VI,  figs.  268,  270,  300.) 

(EMPID^,  mduding  HV BO  T I D.E)  EMPIDID^ 
Basal  cells  small  and  indistinct,  discal  cell  merged  with  the  second  basal  cell, 
third  vein  never  forked;  calypteres  rather  large  and  fringed;  proboscis  almost 
always  fleshy;  abdomen  typically  with  five  or  six  segments  excluding  the 
large  inflexed  genitalia  of  male;  usually  metallic  green.  (Sciapus, 
Dolichopus,  Gymnoptemus,  Chrysotus,  Hydrophorus.)  (PI.  12,  figs.  274,  / 
299) DOLICHOPODID^       ^ 

35.  Anal  cell  elongate,  acute,  usually  closed  toward  the  wing-margin,  but  at  least 

longer  than  the  second  basal  cell  which  is  generally  long;  frontal  suture 

rarely  distinct.     (Aschiza,  Athericera) 36 

Anal  cell,  if  present,  short,  closed  far  from  the  wing-margin,  not  acutely  pro- 
duced except  rarely  by  a  lobiform  prolongation,  second  basal  cell  much 
shorter  than  the  third  posterior  cell  except  in  the  abnormal  neuration  of 
some  Pupipara;  frontal  lunule  and  suture  almost  always  distinct;  never 
more  than  three  posterior  cells;  marginal  and  submarginal  cells  never  closed; 
third  antennal  joint  almost  always  with  dorsal  arista;  bristles  of  body  and 
legs  usually  distinct.     (Schiz6phor.\.) 3& 

36.  Proboscis  very  rarely  elongated;  eyes  of  males  usually  meeting 37 

Proboscis  elongate  and  slender,  often  folding;  face  usually  with    a  groove  or 

grooves  under  the  antennae;  front  broad  in  both  sexes;  antennae  with  terminal 
style  or  dorsal  arista;  no  bristles.     (Physocephala,  Myopa,  Zodion,  Onco-  / 

myia)  (PL,   11,   fig.  252;  PI.  12,   fig.  292) CONOPID-S;      V 

37.  First  posterior  cell  open,  no  extra  vein  crossing  the  anterior  crossvein;  rather 

small,  dull  colored  species 38 

First  posterior  cell  closed,  usually  an  extra  vein  between  the  third  and  fourth 
veins;  head  and  usually  body  without  bristles;  arista  almost  always  dorsal; 
usually  bright  colored  flower  flies.  (Paragus,  Syrphus,  Eristalis,  Helo- 
philus,  Xylota)     (PI.  12,  figs,  281,  301) SYRPHID^ 

38.  Arista  terminal;  hind  tibiae  and  tarsi  dilated,  especially  in  the  male;  head  and 

thorax   with   bristles.     (Platypeza,   CaUlmyia)    (PI.  12,   fig.  285)     (CLY- 

THIID/E) PLATYPEZID^      ^ 

Arista  dorsal;  hind  legs  not  dilated;  without  true  bristles.  (Pipunculus, 
Chalarus.)     (PI.  12,  fig.  289) {DORYLAIDM)  PIPUNCULID^         / 

39.  Legs  not  broadly  separated;  head  movably  separated  from  the  thorax;  adults 

not  ectoparasites  upon  warm-blooded  vertebrates;  rarely  viviparous,  in 
which    case    the    new-bom   larvae  are  young.     (EtTMYiiDiE,   Muscoidea, 

Myiodaria.) 40' 

Legs  attached  to  the  sides  of  the  body;  head  small  and  closely  united  with 
the  thorax,  or  folding  back  into  a  dorsal  groove;  adult  flics  of  a  leathery  or 
horny  structure,  often  wingless,  living  parasitically  upon  warm-blooded 
vertebrates;  viviparous,  the  new-born  larvae  well  developed,  ready  for 
pupation.    (Pupipara.  Nymphipaea,  Eproboscidea,  Omaloptera) 79 

40.  At  least  the  lower  calypter  large;  posthumeral  and  intraalar   bristles  usually 

both  present;  thorax  with  a  complete  transverse  suture,  posterior  callosity 


Diptera.  67 

present;  front  of  male  narrow  or  the  eyes  meeting;  auxiliary  vein  always 

distinct,  first  vein  never  short.     (Schizometopa,  Calypterat^.) 41 

Lower  calypter  vestigial  or  wanting;  posthumeral  bristle  present  only  in  some 
Scatophagidse;  thorax  without  a  complete  transverse  suture,  posterior 
callosity  usually  absent;  a  visible  membrane  connecting  the  dorsal  and 
ventral  segments;  front  of  both  sexes  of  equal  width,  or  if  wider  in  the  female, 
the  greater  width  is  due  to  a  widening  of  the  middle  strip;  fourth  vein  nearly 
straight,  if  curved  never  with  an  appendage;  often  very  small  species. 

(HOLOMETOPA,   ACALYPTERAT^;    BoRBOROIDEA.) 51 

41.  Mouth  opening  small,  the  mouth-parts  wanting  or  vestigial,  not  functional; 

vibrissa?  and  bristles  absent,  no  stemopleural  bristles;  ventral  membrane 

evident,  at  least  at  the  base  of  the  abdomen.     Bot-fiies 42 

Mouth  opening  normal,  the  mouth-parts  functional;  usually  with  stemopleural 
bristles  at  least 43 

42.  No  hypopleural  bristles  or  hairs;  costa  extending  to  the  third  vein;  first  posterior 

cell   very  widely  open;   calypteres  rather  small.     (Gastrophilus   [G.   equi. 

Horse   Bot-fly].) GASTROPHILIDiE 

Hypopleurffi  bearing  hairs  or  bristles;  costa  extending  to  the  fourth  vein;  first 
posterior  cell  closed  or  narrowed;  calypteres  large.  (CEstrus  [ffi.  oris. 
Sheep  Bot-fly],  Hypoderma  [H.  lineata.  Ox  warble],  Cuterebra)  (including 
HYPODERMATIDM,  CUTEREBRIDM) CESTRID^ 

43.  Both  hypopleural  and  pteropleural  bristles  or  hairs  present  in  a  more  or  less 

vertical  row;  fourth  vein  bending  or  curving  forward;  when  three  stemo- 
pleural bristles  usually  but  one  behind.     (Tachinoidea.) 44 

Either  the  hypopleural  or  pteropleural  hairs  or  bristles  or  both  absent;  ventral 
membrane  usually  distinct;  when  three  stemopleural  bristles  present  usually 
two  behind 50 

44.  Facial  plate  more  or  less  convexly  produced  nose-like  below  the  vibrissal  angles 

and  fused  with  the  lowest  part  (epistome);  ventral  membrane  present; 
abdomen  destitute  of  stout  bristles.  (Alophora,  Phorantha,  Cistogaster, 
Trichopoda)    (including  Gymnosomatid.e  with   four,  not   five  abdominal 

segments) PHASIIDiE 

Facial  plate  flattened,  at  most  slightly  produced;  ventral  membrane  not  visible; 
abdomen  bearing  some  stout  bristles 45 

45.  Facial  plate  receding  and  short,  the  cheeks  very  broad,  vibrissEe  located  near 

the  middle  of  the  face;  antennte  short.     (Microphthalma.) 

MEGAPRO  SOPID^ 

Facial  plate  long  and  never  conspicuously  receding,  the  oral  margin  more  or 

less  prominent,  vibrissal  angles  near  the  oral  margin;  antennae  usually  long,  46 

46.  Second  ventral  segment  of  the  abdomen  more  or  less  overlapping  the  edges  of 

the  dorsal  segment 47 

Edges  of  the  dorsal  segments  overlapping  all  the  ventral  ones 49 

47.  Hindermost  posthumeral  bristle  located  lateral  to  the  presutural  bristle;  fifth 

ventral  segment  of  the  male  with  a  split  hind  margin,  sometimes  strongly 
developed;  usually  metallic  and  with  plumose  arista.     (Calliphora  [Blow- 


68  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

fly],  Lucflia  [Green-bottle  fly]  Cynom'ia  [Blue-bottle  fly],  Pollenia,  Chry- 
somyia    [C.  macellaria,  Screw-worm])   (PI.  13,  figs.  302,  303,  304,  305). 

CALLIPHORID^ 

Last  posthumeral  bristle  placed  in  front  or  inside  of  the  presutural  bristle; 

arista  bare  or  hairy  at  the  base 48 

48.  Fifth  ventral  segment  of  the  male  with  a  straight  hind  margin,  or  entirely     r/ 

absent.     (Sarcophaga,  Pachyophthalmus,  Metopia.).  •  . SARCOPHAGID^    ^ 
Fifth  ventral  segment  of  the  male  split  to  the  middle.     (Phyto,  Melanophora.) 

RfflNOPHORID^ 

49.  No  presutural  intraalar  bristle  (PI.  12,  fig.  303);  second  to  fifth  ventral  seg- 

ments hidden;  antennae  usually  at  or  below  the  middle  of  the  eye,  arista  ^ 

usually  hairy;  legs  often  lengthened.     (Ptilodexia,  Theresia,  Thelaira.  / 

DEXIID^ 
Intraalars  usually  extending  in  front  of  the  suture,  if  not  the  ventral  segments 
broadly  visible  or  the  fifth  ventral  of  the  male  vestigial;  antennae  above  the 
middle  of  the  eye,  with  a  bare  arista;  at  least  two  posthumeral  and  three 
posterior  intraalar  bri.stles.  (Tachina,  Ocyptera,  Exorista,  Archytas,  Gonia) 
(PI.  11,  fig.  253;  PI.  12,  fig.  297)  (Including  Exoristid.e,  Masicerid^, 
OcYPTERiD.E,  H1STRICIID.E  and  two  score  of  other  so-called  families)  (LAR- 
V^VORlDiE) TACHINm^ 

50.  Either  the  hypopleural  or  pteropleural  hairs  or  bristles  present  (PI.  13,  fig. 

303);  basal  bristles  of  the  abdomen  reduced;  fourth  vein  bending  or  curving 
forward;  arista  feathered  to  the  tip.  Musca  [M.  domestica.  Housefly], 
Morellia,    Graphomyia,    Stomoxys    [S.  calcitrans,  Stable-fly],  Hsematobia       / 

[H.  {Lyperosia)  serrata,  Horn-fly])  (PI.  12,  figs.  259,  296) MUSCID^     / 

Neither  the  hypopleural  nor  pteropleural  hairs  or  bristles  present;  abdomen 
usually  bristly;  fourth  vein  usually  curving  backward;  arista  sometimes  bare. 
(Ccenosia,  Aricia,  Fannia  (=  Homalomyia),  Muscina,  Myiospila,  Phorbia 
[P.  hrassicoe.  Cabbage  and  Radish  maggot;  P.  cepetorum,  Onion  maggot].)  / 

ANTHOMYIID^     -'' 

51.  Auxiliary  vein  distinctly  separate  from  the  first  vein  and  ending  in   the  costa, 

the  first  vein  usually  ending  near  the  middle  of  the  wing;  anal  cell  present,  52 
Auxiliary  vein  less  distinct,  sometimes  partly  touching  the  first  vein  or  vestig- 
ial, the  first  vein  usually  ending  much  before  the  middle  of  the  wing 66 

52.  Oral  vibrissse  present  (PI.  13,  fig.  305);  abdomen  with  more  than  four  visible 

segments;  eyes  bare;  wings  rarely  pictured 53 

Oral  vibrissas  absent 57 

53.  Costa  beset  with  numerous  spines;  postvertical  bristles  convergent;  tibiae  with 

spurs  and  with  preapical  bristles.     (Leria,  Helomyza,  Tephrochlamys.) 

HELOMYZIDiE     ij 
Costa  not  spinose,  even  at  the  auxiliary  vein;  postvertical  bristles  divergent    ^ 
or  (Phycodromia)  subparallel 54 

54.  Front  bristly  on  the  sides  and  on  the  vertex 55 

Front  never  bristly  near  the  antennae;  abdomen  somewhat  elongate  and  usually 

narrower  at  the  base;  small,  black  scavenger  flies.     (Sepsis,  Nemopoda.)     ,   / 

SEPSID^       '' 


Dipt  era.  69 

55.  Thorax  convex,  face  and  cheeks  not  remarkably  bristly 56 

Mesonotum  and  scutellum  flattened;  front,  face  and  cheeks  bristly;  all  the 

tibife  spurred  and  with  preapical  bristles;  last  tarsal  joint  large.     (CcElopa, 
Omomyia.) PHYCODROMID^ 

56.  Central  strip  of  the  front  (frontalia)  usually  well  differentiated  from  the  sides 

(orbits)  (PI.  13,  fig.  304);  first  vein  nearly  half  the  wing-length;  second 
basal  cell  not  minute;  crossveins  not  close  together;  frontal  cross-bristles 
absent.  (Cordylura,  Parallelomma,  Scatophaga)  (PI.  12,  fig.  271)  {COR- 
DYLURID.E,  SCATOMYZIDJE,  SCOPEUM ID.^)  SCATOPUAGID^  ^ 
Central  strip  of  the  front  not  differentiated  from  the  sides;  first  vein  about 
one-third  of  the  wing-length;  second  basal  cell  minute;  crossveins  sometimes 
approximated;  frontal  cross-bristles  sometimes  present.  (Cliisia,  Hetero- 
neOra.) HETERONEURIDiE         ; 

57.  First  posterior  cell  closed  or  narrowed  in  the  margin;  abdomen  elongate;  legs 

long  or  very  long 58 

First  posterior  cell  widely  open,  if  narrowed  the  abdomen  is  short  and  the  legs 
are  not  unusually  long  and  slender 60 

58.  Eyes  large,  the  cheeks  and  posterior  orbits  narrow,  occiput  concave 59 

Head  more  or  less  globular,  the  cheeks  broad  and  the  face  retreating;  proboscis 

short.     (Micropeza,  Calobata,  Nerius.) 

{CALOBATID.E)  MICROPEZID^     O 

59.  Proboscis  short;  arista  dorsal;  ovipositor  not   lengthened.     (Tanypeza.) 

TANYPEZID^        y 
Proboscis  and  ovipositor  greatly  lengthened;   arista  terminal   (Stylogaster) 
(see  couplet  36) CONOPIDiE 

60.  First  posterior  cell  narrowed;  femora  and  usually  the  hind  tibise  enlarged;  all 

the  tibijB  with  preapical  bristle;  scutellum  usually  prominent;  basal  cells 
relatively  large;  tropical  species.     (Rhopalomera,  Willistoniella.)  ^ 

RHOPALOMERID^ 
First  posterior  cell  widely  open,  if  rarely  narrowed  the  femora  are  not  thick .  .  61 

61.  Hind  tibiae  with  a  preapical  bristle,  apical  tibial  bristles  present;  ovipositor 

neither  flat  nor  drawn  out;  usually  two  fronto-orbital  bristles;  wings  some- 
times pictured 62 

Hind  tibia;  without  preapical  bristle,  middle  tibiae  alone  with  apical  bristles; 
front  femora  bristly  beneath;  ovipositor  flattened  and  more  or  less  pro- 
jecting; postvertical  bristles  divergent  when  present;  dypeus  prominent; 
wings  usually  pictured 64 

62.  Postvertical  bristles  divergent  when  present;  second  antennal  joint  without 

a  dorsal  bristle;  mesopleural  and  usually  sternopleural  bristles  wanting; 
front  femora  not  bristly  beneath;  anal  vein  reaching  the  wing-margin.  .63 
Postvertical  bristles  convergent;  second  antennal  joint  with  a  dorsal  bristle; 
one  or  two  sternopleural  and  a  mesopleural  bristle  present;  lower  outer 
edge  of  the  front  femora  bearing  bristles;  anal  vein  obliterated  toward  the 
tip.     (Lauxania,  Camptoprosopella.) . .  (SAPROMYZID.E:)  LAUXANIID^    p 


70  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

63.  Clypeus  well  developed;   vibrissal  angle  very   weak;  more  than  two  dorso- 

central   bristles;    sternopleural   bristles  sometimes  present.     (Neuroctena, 

Heterochila.) DRYOMYZID.S     - 

Clypeus  vestigial;  not  more  than  two  dorsocentral  bristles;  rarely  a  single 
sternopleural  bristle.     (Sepedon,  Sciomyza,  Tetanocera.)  /^\ 

{SCIOMYZIDM)  TETANOCERIDiE     ^ 

64.  Fronto-orbital  bristles  extending  to  the  antennae;  auxiliary  vein  abruptly  bent 

forward  before  the  tip  of  the  first  vein,  anal  cell  angular  (see  couplet  70).       ^ 

TRYPETm.^ 

Fronto-orbital  bristles  confined  to  the  vertex;  auxiliary  vein  not  bent  at  the 

end  but  gently  curving 65 

65.  Anal  cell  usually  acute,  the  anal  vein  reaching  the  margin;  usually  two  fronto- 

orbital  bristles.  (Pyrgota,  Rivellia,  Euxesta,  Chaetopsis)  (PI.  12,  fig  275) 
(including  PYRGOTIDyE    {=  DORYCERID^),    ULIDIID^E,   PLATY-       s/ 

STOMATIDiE,  etc.) ORTALIDID^ 

Anal  crossvein  recurved,  the  anal  cell  never  acute,  anal  vein  abbreviate;  one 
fronto-orbital  bristle.     (Palloptera,  Lonchaea.) LONCILEID.ffi       ^ 

66.  Head  laterally  produced  as  a  process  bearing  the  eye;  second  basal  and  discal 

cells  united;  no  vibrissse;  front  femora  thickened.     (Sphyracephala.) 

DiopsiD^   /n 

Head  not  produced  at  the  sides,  the  eyes  not  stalked 67     ^^ 

67.  First  joint  of  hind  tarsi  (metatarsus)  shorter  than  the  following  joint  and  more 

or  less  thickened;  vibrissae  present;  front  usually  bristly;  third  antennal 
joint  short  and  rounded;  small  dull-colored  species  found  about  excrement 
or  marshes.  (Leptocera  {=Limosina),  Sphserocera,  Borborus)  (PI.  9, 
fig.  255)  {COPROMYZIDM,  CYPSELID.E,  SPHMROCERIDM) 

BORBORID^      L 
Hind  metatarsi  longer  than  the  next  joint  and  slender 68 

68.  Legs  very  long  and  slender,  the  hind  femora  slightly  swollen  apically;  first 

posterior  cell  narrowed,  second  basal  cell  complete;  arista  feathered;  no 
vibrissae;  tropical  species  (see  couplet  58).     (Cardiac ephala.) 

MICROPEZIDiE     ^ 
Legs  never  very  elongate;  if  the  first  posterior  cell  is  rarely  narrowed,  otherwise 
disagreeing 69 

69.  Scutellum  elongate,  triangular,  margined  with  protuberances;  femora  thickened; 

ovipositor  closing  together  telescope-like;  basal  cells  large;  tropical  species      ^ 

(see  couplet  60).     (Rhinotora.) RHOPALOMERID.S      ^ 

Not  such  flies 70 

70.  Auxiliary  vein  becoming  weak  and  abruptly  turned  forward  at  its  end;  anal 

cell  angular  or  acutely  lobed  at  its  posterior  distal  end;  second  basal  cell 
distinct;  wings  almost  always  pictured;  no  preapical  tibial  bristles;  no 
vibrissae;  fronto-orbital  bristles  numerous.  (Ceratitis  [C.  capita  fa,  Mediter- 
ranean fruit-fly],  Epochra  [E.  canadensis.  Currant  maggot],  Trypeta,  Rhago- 
letis  [R.  ■pomoncUa,  Apple  maggot],  Tephritis.) 

(EURIBIID.E)  TRYPETID^     V 
Auxiliary  vein  not  abruptly  ending  a  considerable  distance  before  the  end  of 
the  first  vein;  anal  cell  not  acute 71 


Diptera.  7 1 

71.  Costa  microscopically  broken  twice,  just  beyond  the  humeral  crossvein  and 

at  the  end  of  the  auxiliary  vein  (best  seen  by  transmitted  light) ;  postvertical 

bristles  convergent;  no  bristle  above  the  front  coxse 72 

Costa  not  broken  near  the  humeral  crossvein;  mouth-opening  not  wide; 
arista  not  feathery 74 

72.  Anal  cell  wanting  and  basal  cell  fused  with  the  discal  cell  (except  Canace);  no 

vibrissas;  clypeus  very  large;  mouth-opening  very  large,  the  center  of  the 
face  raised;  foremost  fron to-orbital  bristles  diverging;  arista  bare,  hairy 
or   feathered;    dark-colored,   shore-living    species.     (Notiphila,    Hydrellia, 

Parydra,  Ephydra.) EPHYDRIDiE 

Anal  cell  almost  always  present;  second  basal  cell  usually  complete;  vibrissas 
present;  mouth-opening  not  large;  center  of  the  face  concave 73 

73.  Foremost  pair  of  fronto-orbital  bristles  converging;  bristles  of  the  middle  of 

front  less  evident;  arista  loosely  pubescent;  clypeus  small;  occiput  reaching 
forward    under    the    eyes.     (Milichiella,  Desmometdpa,  Meone^a)    (PI. 

12,  fig.  282) MILICmiD^ 

Foremost  fronto-orbital  bristles  proclinate;  interfrontal  bristles  rare;  arista 
almost  invariably  feathered;  clypeus  large;  occiput  not  forming  part  of  the 
cheeks.  (Phortica,  Cyrtonotum,  Drosophila  [Pomace-fly])  (including 
ASTEID^) DROSOPHILID-S 

74.  Anal  and  second  basal  cells  absent;  interfrontalia  large;  postvertical  bristles 

converging;  usually  no  vibrissse,  fronto-orbital  or  interfrontal  bristles. 
(Meromyza  [M.  americana.  Wheat-stem  maggot],  Chlorops,  Hippelates, 
Oscinis  {=  Botanobia)  [Frit-fly])  (PI.  9,  fig.  256)     (OSCINID.E). 

CHLOROPID-E 
Anal  and  basal  cells  complete 75 

75.  Oral    vibrissse   present    (exceptionally    absent   in    Geomyzidae);  costa  almost 

always  broken  near  the  end  of  the  first  vein 76 

Oral  vibrissse  absent;  auxiliary  vein  ending  in  the  costa;  clypeus  small.  .  .  .78 

76.  Postvertical  bristles  convergent  when  present;  auxiliary  vein  independently 

ending  in  the  costa;  clypeus  large;  foremost  fronto-orbital  bristles  directed 
backward;  mesopleural  bristles  present;  cilia  of  the  calypteres  loose.  (Tm- 
oscelis,  Diastata,  Anthomyza)  (PI.  12,  fig.  279). 

{OPOMYZIDM)  GEOMYZIDiE 

Postvertical  bristles  divergent  when  present;  fringe  of  the  calypteres  dense; 

clypeus  small 77 

77.  Only  the  uppermost  fronto-orbital  bristles  present;  auxiliary  vein  ending  in 

the  costa;  no  mesopleural  or  prothoracic  bristles;  arista  bare.     (Prochyliza, 

Piophila  [P.  casei,  cheese-skipper]  Mycetaulus.) PIOPHLLID.^ 

Lower  fronto-orbitals  convergent;  auxiliary  vein  usually  ending  in  the  first 
vein;  mesopleural  and  one  prothoracic  bristles  present;  arista  closely  pubes- 
cent.    (Cerodonta,  Agromyza,  Phytomyza,  Odinia.) 

(including  PHYTOMYZID^)  AGROMYZIDiE 

78.  Costa  usually  entire,  at  most  slightly  weakened  just  before  the  end  of  the 

auxiliary  vein;  basal  cells  small;  postvertical  bristles  convergent;  arista  bare; 


72       '  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

densely  gray  dusted  species,  the  abdomen  usually  marked  with  black  or        ,\ 

brown  spots.     (Ochthiphila,  Leucopis.) OCHTHIPHiLID^ 

Costa  interrupted  near  the  end  of  the  first  vein;  basal  cells  relatively  large; 
postvertical  bristles  divergent  when  present;  arista  pubescent;  rather 
slender,  usually  shining  species  with  the  antennae  often  very  long  and  hang- 
ing downward.     (Chyliza,  Loxocera,  Psila.) PSILID.^     ^ 

79.  Head  folding  back  on  the  dorsum  of  the  thorax;  wingless  flies  parasitic  on 

bats.     (Nycteribia.) NYCTERIBirDiE 

Head  sunk  into  the  thorax,  but  not  folded  back,  winged  or  wingless  species, 
parasitic  on  birds  or  mammals 80 

80.  Palpi  broader  than  long,  projecting  leaf-like  in  front  of  the  head;  wings  when 

present  with  distinct  parallel  veins  and  outer  crossveins;  claws  simple; 
almost  always  parasitic  on  bats.  (Trichobius,  Strebla.) .  .  STREBLIDiE 
Palpi  forming  a  sheath  for  the  proboscis;  wings  if  present  with  the  veins 
crowded  along  the  costa  and  with  weaker  oblique  ones  extending  across  the 
wings;  tarsal  claws  strong  and  often  armed  with  a  series  of  small  teeth. 
(Hippobosca,  Olfersia,  Melophagus  [M.  ovinus.  Sheep-tick])  (PI.  11,  fig. 
257) HIPPOBOSCID^  ^ 

ORDER  SUCTORIA. 

{SIPHON APTERA,  APHANIPTERA,  RHOPHOTEIRA.) 
Small,  wingless,  strongly  compressed,  jumping  insects,  para- 
sitic in  the  adult  condition  on  warm-blooded  animals;  head  small, 
indistinctly  separated  from  the  thorax;  antennae  short  and  thick, 
placed  in  depressions  behind  the  small  simple  eyes  which  are  some- 
times wanting;  mouth  formed  for  sucking;  thoracic  segments  not 
fused;  coxae  large,  close  together;  tarsi  five- jointed;  cerci  one- 
jointed;  larvae  worm-like;  pupae  enclosed  in  cocoons.     Fleas. 

1.  Thoracic  segments  not  strongly  shortened  and  constricted,  their  side  plates 

extending  over  only  one  abdominal  segment;  labial  palpi  with  three  or 
more  false  joints;  maxillary  palpi  almost  always  shorter  than  the  front 
coxae;  third  joint  of  antennae  with  nine  more   or  less   distinctly  separated 

false  joints 2 

Thoracic  segments  strongly  shortened  and  constricted,  the  metathoracic  side 
plates  extending  over  two  or  three  abdominal  segments;  head  strongly 
angulated  anteriorly;  labial  palpi  without  false  joints;  maxillary  palpi 
extending  beyond  the  front  coxae;  third  antennal  joint  without  completely 
separated  false  joints;  fully  developed  female  with  enormously  dilated 
abdomen,  living  beneath  the  skin  during  her  final  development.  (Derma- 
tophilus  (=  SarcopsyUa,  =  Rhynchoprion)  [D.  penetrans.  Jigger-flea])  (PI. 
13,  fig.  310)  {SARCOPSYLLIDM,  RIIYNC  OPRIONID/E). 

DERMATOPHILIDiE 

2.  Maxillae  triangular,  acute  at  apex 3 

Maxillae  clubbed  or  subquadrangular;  face  strongly  sloping  forward  and  recurved 

just  above  the  mouth,  where  there  are  two  tooth-like  plates  on  each  side; 


Homoptera.  75 

eyes  absent;  pronotum,  and  usually  abdomen  with  comb-like  arrangements 
of  spines;  species  occurring  on  bats    (Ceratopsyllus.)    CERATOPSYLLID^ 

3.  Spines  of  hind  tibiae  in  a  single  row,  or  in  pairs  (PI.  13,  figs.  306,  308) 4 

Spines  of  hind  tibiae  numerous,  in  close-set,  short  transverse  rows  on  the  hind 

border,  about  four  spines  in  each  row.     (Hystrichopsylla.) 

HYSTRICHOPSYLLID-E 

4.  Spines  of  hind  tibiae  in  pairs  and  few  in  number,  not  in  a  very  close-set  row. 

(Pulex  [P.  irritans.  Human  flea],  Ctenocephalus  [C.  canis.  Dog  flea;  C.  felis. 
Cat  flea],  Xenopsylla  (=  Lwviopsylla)  [X.  cheopis.  Tropical  rat  flea.  Plague 
flea],  Ceratophyllus  [C.  fasciatus.  Rat  and  plague  flea  of  temperate  regions]) 

(PI.  13,  figs.  306,  307,  308,  309,  311,  312) PULICID-E 

Spines  of  hind  tibiae  numerous,  mostly  single  and  in  a  close-set  row.     (Ctenop- 
syUus.) .' CTENOPSYLLID^ 

ORDER  HOMOPTERA. 

(RHYNCHOTA,  part.) 

An  assemblage  of  very  diverse  insects,  difficult  to  define  in  a 
general  way;  usually  of  moderate  or  small  size,  rarely  large;  in 
the  active  forms  four  wings  are  present  in  both  sexes;  in  the  scale 
insects  only  the  males  are  winged,  and  they  have  the  hind  wings 
absent;  wings  usually  sloping  over  the  sides  of  the  body;  fore 
wings  never  modified  into  a  heavy  basal  and  thinner  apical  por- 
tion; beak  jointed,  inserted  at  the  hind  edge  of  the  head  and  ex- 
tending between  the  front  coxae,  the  basal  joints  very  short,  rarely 
the  beak  is  absent  in  the  males;  cerci  wanting.  Metamorphoses 
usually  incomplete,  sometimes  complete  in  the  male,  rarely  sa 
in  the  female;  all  the  species  plant-feeders. 

1.  Tarsi  three-jointed;  antennae  very  short,  with  a  small  terminal  bristle;  beak 

plainly  arising  from  the  head;  active  free-hving  species.     (AUCHENOR- 

RHYNCHA.) i 

Tarsi  two-  or  one-jointed;  antennae  usually  well  developed,  sometimes  absent, 
without  conspicuous  terminal  bristle;  beak  appearing  to  arise  between  the 
front  legs,  rarely  absent  in  the  male;  species  often  incapable  of  moving,  or 
inactive  in  the  female  sex  14 

2.  Three  ocelli,  placed  on  the  disk  of  the  vertex  (PI.  16,  fig.  376) ;  antenna;  with  short 

basal  joint,  terminated  by  a  hair-like  process  which  is  divided  into  about 
five  joints;  front  femora  thickened  and  generally  spined  beneath;  male  with 
a  sound-producing  organ  on  each  side  at  the  base  of  the  abdomen;  com- 
paratively   large    species.   -^Cicada    [C.    septendecim.    Periodical    Cicada], 

C7    Tibicen^  Platypedia)  (PI.  15.  figs.  348,  349) CICADIDiE;  Cf 

Two  ocelli,  rarely  three  or  more 3 


V4  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

3.  Ocelli  (rarely  absent)  placed  between  the  eyes  (PI.  16,  fig.  377),  on  the  vertex,  on 

the  front,  or  on  the  front  margin  of  the  head " 4 

Ocelli  placed  beneath  or  near  the  eyes,  usually  in  cavities  of  the  cheeks;  pronotum 
neither  armed  nor  unusually  developed.     (Fulgoroide.i) 8 

4.  Pronotum  prolonged  backwards  into  a  hood  or  process  of  variable  form  extend- 

ing over  the  abdomen  and  usually  much  elevated ;  antennae  inserted  between 
and  in  front  of  the  eyes.  Tree-hoppers.  (Ceresa  [C.  bubalus,  Buffalo 
tree-hopper]?  Enchenopa,  Telamona)  (PI.  14,  fig.  345;  PI.  15,  fig.  350, 
351,  352;  PI.  16,  figs.  370,  372) MEMBRACID-S    ■' 

Pronotum  not  prolonged  over  the  base  of  the  abdomen 5 

.5.  Tibiae  smooth,  the  hind  pair  armed  with  one  or  two  stout  spines  and  with  a 
cluster  of  spinules  at  apex;  ^ocelli  placed  on  the  vertex,  rarely  absent. 
Spittle  insects.     (Aphrophora,  Clastoptera.) CERCOPID.^  C 

Hind  tibiae  with  a  double  series  of  spines  beneath;  ocelli  variable  in  position, 

rarely  absent.     Leaf-hoppers 6 

€.  Veins  of  the  fore  wings  branching  on  the  disk  so  that  they  form  a  series  of  pre- 
apical  cells 7 

Veins  of  the  fore  wings  branching  at  the  apex  and  nassing  without  fork  to  the 
apical  cells;  ocelli  usually  absent.  '  ^Typhlocyba  [T.  comes,  Grape  leaf-hop- 
pert  Empoasca  [E.  mali,  Apple  leaf-hopper])  (PI.  15,  fig.  353). 

TYPHLOCYBID^    d 


1.  Head  very  short^vertex  sloping  or  rounding  on  to  the  front;  ocelli  on  the  front. 
(Bythoscopus,  Idiocerus.) BYTH0SC6PID.ffi 


Head  more  or  less  prominent;  ocelli  placed  on  the  disk  of  the  vertex.    (Diedro- 
cephala,  Tettigoniella  (^Tettigonia),  Gypona)  (PI.  15,  figs.  354,  357 


^  iTETTIG0NIID^)PROCOmiDM  O 
Head  produced  or  rounded;  ocelli  on  the  margin  between  the  vertex  and  front. 
(Acocephalus^  Deltocephalus,  Thamnotettix)  (PI.  15,  fig.  355). .  JASSID.^    ^ 
S.  Anal  angle  of  wings  net-veined;  the  ridge  separating  the  front  from  the  cheeks 
contiguous  on  the  sides  of  the  clypeus.  ^  (Poiocera)  (PI.  15,  fig.  356). 

FULGORIDiE  ^ 
Anal  area  of  wings  rarely  net-veined,  when  so,  the  clypeus  without  lateral 

ridges 9 

•9.  Hind  tibiae  without  a  mobile  spur  at  apex 10 

Hind  tibiae  with  a  long,  robust,  mobile  spur  at  apex.     (Libumia  Stobaera) 

(PI.  15,  fig.  359) DELPHACID^  '^ 

10.  Clavus  very  rarely  granulate,  pointed  at  apex,  rarely  somewhat  obtusely, 
but  distinctly  closed;  two  veins  remote  or  very  remote  from  the  apex,  some- 
times united  in  one  beyond  the  middle  of  the  clavus;  costa  very  rarely 
dilated;  tegmina  sometimes  shortened  or  fused  with  clavus  or  corium.  .  .  .11 
Clavus  granulate,  apex  sometimes  subacute  and  closed,  sometimes  very,  obtuse 
and  broadly  open,  with  two  veins  separated  through  the  entire  length  or 
united  in  one  near  apex;  costa  dilateji;  costal  membrane  transversely  veined; 
claval  suture  distinct.  (Ormenis,  Amphiscepha,  Chlorochroa)  (PI.  15, 
figs.   358,  361) FLATIDiE    ' 


Homoptera.  75 

11.  Claval  vein  not  reaching  apex,  united  with  commisural  margin  near  apex; 

tegmina- sometimes  shortened  or  fused  with  clavus  and  corium,  when  so, 
the  lateral  margins  of  the  clypeus  are  ridged;  two  or  three  ocellt.     (Scolops, 

'^  Cixius)  (PI.  15,  figs.  366,  367) ClXim.^ 

Claval  vein  continued  to  the  apex  itself  or  united  with  the  claval  suture  near 
apex;  tegmina  sometimes  shortened  or  fused  with  clavus  and  corium,  when 
so  the  lateral  margins  of  the  clypeus  are  not  ridged 12 

12.  First  joint  of  hind  tarsi  elongate;  head  usually  narrower  than  the  thorax, 

which  is  angularly  emarginate  at  base 13 

First  joint  of  hind  tarsi  short,  very  rarely  somewhat  elongate;  head  not  or 

scarce! jv -narrower  than  the  thorax  which  is  truncate  at  base.'  (Brucho-      ^- 
morphaiNaso.) iSSID^<^  '^ 

13.  Last  joint  of  beak  elongate;  species  of  usual  form,  the  wings  not  especially  long.        ^• 

(HeUcoptera.) ACHILID^  ^ 

Last  joint  of  beak  short,  or  very  short;  very  delicate  long-winged  species. 
■  (Oti6cerus,%i6tia)  (PI.  15.  fig.  360) DERBID^ 

14.  Tarsi  two-jointed,  the  basal  joint  sometimes  reduced,  the  outer  joint  with  two 

claws;  wings  when  present  four  in  number,  with  few  veins,  at  rest  usually 
lying  in  a  sloping  position  over  the  abdomen;  sutures  between  body  seg- 
ments distinct;  mouth-parts  usually  well  developed  in  both  sexes,  labium 

usually  long 15 

Tarsi  one-jointed,  with  a  single  claw;  females  always  wingless,  often  without 
legs  so  that  they  rarely  move  after  maturity,  remaining  sessile  on  the  host 
plant;  female  rarely  without  mouth-parts;  male  usually  with  a  single  pair 
of  wings  which  lie  flat,  one  above  the  other;  labium  usually  short;  antennae 
of  female  absent,  or  with  as  many  as  eleven  joints;  in  the  male  ten-  to  twenty- 
five-jointed;  body  of  female  scale-like,  gall-like  or  covered  with  waxy  powder, 
tufts  or  scales,  the  sutures  between  the  segments  often  indistinct.  Scale 
Insects,  Bark-lice,  Mealy-bugs.  (Orthezia,  Kermes  [Soft  oak-scales], 
Dactylopius  [D.  coccus,  Cochineal-insect],  Pseudococcus  [Mealy-bugs], 
Pulvinaria  [P.  vitis.  Cottony-scale],  Coccus  [C.  hcsperidum.  Soft  scale], 
Evdecanium  [E.  nigrofasc.iatum,  Terrapin  scale],  Chionaspis  [C.  furfura. 
Scurfy  scale],  Aspidiotus  [A.  perniciosus,  San  Jose  scale],  Lepidosaphes 
[L.  ulmi  {=Mytilaspis  pomorum).  Oyster-shell  scale])  (PI.  U'.^fig.  344, 
346;  PI.  15,  figs.  362,  363,  364,  365) COCCIDiE 

15.  Legs  with  thickened  femora;  antennse  long,  five-  to  ten-jointed,  last  joint  with 

two  fine  apical  bristles;  fore  wings  somewhat  thicker,  often  more  or  less 
leathery;  pad  between  the  tarsal  claws  prominent,  bilobed.  Jumping 
plant-lice.     (Psylla   [P.  pyricola.  Pear  Psylla],  Trioza)    (PI.    16,  fig.  368, 

371) {CHERMIDM)  PSYLLID^ 

Legs  long  and  slender;  wings  of  more  or  less  similar  consistency;  antennae 
three-  to  six-jointed 16 

i6.  Wings  usually  opaque,  whitish,  clouded,  or  mottled  with  spots  or  bands;  body 
more  or  less  mealy;  tarsi  with  two  nearly  equal  joints;  tip  of  tibiae  with  a 
number  of  short  spines;  a  pad-shaped  or  spine-like  process  between  the 


Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

tarsal  claws;  pupal  stage  present.     White-flics.     (Aleyrodes  [A.  vaporario- 
rum.  Greenhouse  white-fly],  Aleurodicus)  (PI.  16,  figs.  369,  375). 

ALEYRODID^ 
Wings  transparent,  though  sometimes  colored;  tarsi  two-jointed,  the  basal 
joint  sometimes  very  much  reduced;  body  not  mealy  but  rarely  with  waxy 
wool;  process  between  the  tarsal  claws  absent  or  nearly  so.  Plant-lice. 
(Phylloxera  [P.  vasiatrix.  Grape  Phylloxera],  Aphis  [A.  hrassicoe.  Cabbage 
Aphid;  A.  goss;jpii.  Melon  Aphid;  A.  mali,  Apple  Aphid;  A.  sorbi.  Rosy 
Aphid],  Myzus  [M.  cerasi.  Cherry  Aphid;  M.  rihis.  Currant  Aphid],  Phor- 
odon  [P  hurtiidi.  Hop  Aphid],  Nectarophora  [A''.  {=Macrosiphvm)  pisi. 
Pea  Aphid],  Toxoptera  [T.  graminum.  Grain  Aphid])  (PI.  16,  figs.  373,  374). 

APHIDID^ 


ORDER  HEMIPTERA. 

(HETEROPTERA  ;  RHVNCHOTA,  part.) 

Terrestrial  or  aquatic  species  ranging  from  minute  to  large  sizej 
usually  more  or  less  flattened  or  cylindrical;  feeding  on  the  juices 
of  plants  or  animals.  Head  free,  forming  a  sucking,  inflexed, 
jointed  beak  which  is  usually  inserted  toward  the  front  end  of 
the  head;  antennae  with  few  joints,  those  of  the  terrestrial  species 
usually  long;  prothorax  large,  free;  wings  overlapping  on  the 
abdomen,  the  fore  pair  (hemelytra)  tough  at  the  base  and  mem- 
branous apically,  the  hind  pair  with  large  anal  field,  wings  some- 
times reduced  or  absent;  legs  of  variable  form,  tarsi  normally 
three- jointed;  no  cerci.  Metamorphosis  incomplete.  True 
Bugs. 

1.  Tarsal  claws  devoid  of  arolia,  very  rarely  provided  with  arolia  (Miridae)   in 

which  case  the  meso-  and  metastemum  are  composite 2 

Tarsal  claws  always  provided  with  arolia;  beak  generally  four-jointed;  meso- 
and  metasterna  simple 27 

2.  Antennae  very  short;  meso-  and  metasternum  composite;  metasternum  devoid 

of  gland  openings;  aquatic  species 3 

Antennae  always  longer  than  the  head,  if  slightly  shorter,  the  eyes  and  ocelli 
are  absent 9 

3.  Ocelli  present;  beak  four-jointed 4 

Ocelli  absent;  antennae  more  or  less  hidden  in  cavities  in  the  head;  aquatic 

species 5 

4.  Antennae  exserted;  front  legs  as  long  as  the  middle  ones;  formed  for  running. 

(Ochterus  (=  Pelogonus) ) {PELOGONIDJE)  OCHTERID-^ 

Antennae  hidden;  the  front  legs  formed  for  grasping;  short,  and  broad  species 
with  prominent  eyes.     (Gelastocoris,  Mon6n5rx.) 

(GALGULID^E,  MONONYCHIDM)  NERTHRID.S 


Cr    C    /4L6   to 


Hemiptera.  77 

■5.  Front  coxse  placed  at  or  near  the  front  margin  of  the  prosternum;  front  legs 

formed  for  grasping;  beak  three-jointed 6 

Front  coxse  placed  at  the  hind  margin  of  the  short  prosternum;  legs  fitted  for 
swimming;  hind  tarsi  with  no  claws;  membrane  without  veins;  hemelytra 
sometimes  wholly  coriaceous,  strongly  convex 8 

6.  Membrane  reticulate;  beak  provided  with  very  small  labial  palpi 7 

Membrane  without  veins;  beak  without  labial  palpi;  hind  coxse  hinged;  posterior 

tibise  slender.     (Pelocoris,  Ambrysus.) NAUCORIDiiE      [^ 

7.  Hind  coxse  hinged;  hind  legs  fitted  for  swimming;  posterior  tibia;  flattened  and 

fringed,  the  hind  femora  usually  sulcate;  tip  of  abdomen  with  two  retractile 
appendages.     Giant    water-bugs.     (Belostoma,  Lethocerus,    Zaitha)    (PI. 

14.  fig.  342) BELOSTOMATK)^      - 

Hind  coxse  rotating;  hind  legs  formed  for  walking;  abdomen  with  long  breathing 
tubes  at  apex.  Water  scorpions.  (Nepa,  Ranatra)  (PI.  13,  fig.  313; 
PI.  14,  fig.  324.) NfiPID^ 

8.  Body  convex  above;  head  inserted  into  prothorax;  beak  four-  or  three-jointed; 

front    tarsi    not    flattened.     Back    swimmers.     (Notonecta)    (PI.   14,   fig. 

323) NOTONECTIDiE 

Body  flat  above;  vertex  of  head  free  from  the  prothorax;  beak  unjointed,  or 
at  most  two-jointed,  hidden;  metastemum  furnished  with  parapleurse; 
front  tarsi  flattened,  one-jointed,  middle  legs  long,  hind  legs  formed  for 
swimming.  Water  boatmen.  (Corixa)  (PI.  13,  fig.  322;  PI.  14.  figs. 
328,  329) CORIXID^    '  ^' 

9.  First  two  joints  of  antennse  very  short,  last  two  long,  pilose,  the  third  thickened 

at  base;  ocelli  present;  veins  of  the  hemelytra  forming  cells 10 

Third  joint  of  antennse  not  thickened  at  the  base,  the  second  jomt  often  longer 
than  the  third  or  as  long,  rarely  shorter 11 

10.  Head  more  or  less  porrect.     (Ceratocombus)  (CERAT0C03IBID.I;) . 

DIPSOCORID^ 

Head  inflexed  between  the  prominent  front  coxse.     (Hypselosoma  (  =  Gli/p- 

iocdmbus) SCHIZOPTERIDiE 

11.  Meso-  and  metasterna  composite,  very  rarely  the  sutures  obsolete,  in  which 

case  the  clypeus  is  triangular  (Cimicidae);  cuneus  of  the  fully  winged  forms 

more  or  less  distinct;  hind  coxse  hinged  (except  in  a  few  Miridse) 12 

Meso-  and  metasterna  simple;  hind  coxse  nearly  globose,  rotating  with  a  ball 
and  socket  joint  (except  in  Acanthiidae) 15 

12.  Clypeus  parallel  or  subparallel 13 

Clypeus  triangular,  broader  apically;  ocelli  absent;  wings  never  fully  developed. 

Bedbug  family.  (Cimex  [C.  lectularius.  Bedbug])  (PI.  13,  fig.  321;  PL  14, 
fig.  330)     {ACANTHIIDM  of  authors,  CLINOCORID^) .  .CTMICIDM     V 

13.  Ocelli  of  both  sexes  absent;  tarsi  three- jointed;  beak  four-jointed;  membrane 

with  two  basal  cells,  the  outer  one  small,  or  with  a  single  cell  which  is  broad- 
ened apically  or  rarely  suboval,  very  rarely  (Myrmecophyes)  with  irregular, 
free  veins;  beak  with  the  first  joint  rarely  shorter  than  the  head.     Leaf- 


78  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

bugs.     (Lygus  [L.  pratensis.  Tarnished  plant  bug],  Halticus,  Poecilocapsus) 

(PI.  14,  fig.  325.).    (CAPSID.E.) MIRID^ 

Ocelli  present;  tarsi  three-jointed 14 

14.  Beak  four-jointed;  head  vertical;  membrane  with  one  or  two  cells  or  one  vein. 

(Isometopus.) ISOMETOPIDiE 

Beak  three-jointed;  head  horizontal;  membrane  with  four  to  one  longitudinal 
veins  which  are  rarely  entirely  lacking.  (Anthocoris,  Triphleps  [T.  insid- 
iosus.  Predatory  flower-bug])  (PI.  14,  fig.  337) ANTHOCORIDiE 

15.  Claws  subapical;  hind  coxie  distant;  hemelytra  of  uniform  texture,  the  clavus, 

corium  and  membrane  confluent 16 

Claws  apical 17 

16.  Beak  four-jointed,  but  the  first  joint  short ;  middle  and  hind  legs  close  together, 

distant  from  the  front  ones  and  much  longer  than  the  latter. 

Water  striders.     (Gerris   {=  Limnotrechus))    (PI.    14,   fig.    327)    HYDRO- 

BATIDM GERRID^ 

Beak  three-jointed;  middle  legs  almost  as  distant  from  the  front  as  from  the 
hind  ones.     (Microvelia,  Rhagovelia.) VELIIDiE 

17.  Prosternum  without  a  stridulation  groove IS 

Prostemum  with  a  median  stridulation  groove;  beak  three-jointed,  short  and 

stout 25 

18.  Ocelli  absent;  beak  three-jointed 1& 

Ocelli   present,   when    very  rarely  absent,   the  beak  is  four-jointed  and  the 

head  is  not  apically  widened 22 

19.  Tarsi  three-  or  four-jointed 20 

Tarsi  two-jointed;  broad,  flat  species  living  under  bark;  head  produced  between 

antennje;  abdomen  broader  than  the  wings 21 

20.  Body  linear;  head  horizontal,  as  long  as  the  thorax  and  widened  toward  the 

apex.     Marsh    treaders.     (Hydrometra    {=  Limnobates))  (PI.  14,  fig.  326). 

{LIMNOBA  TID.E) HYDROMETRID.S 

Body  oblong;  head  broad,  triangular,  shorter  than  thorax;  eyes  absent;  no 
scutellum;  hemelytra  short,  destitute  of  membrane;  parasitic  on  bats. 
(Hesperoctenes)  (PI.  14,  fig.  333) POLYCTENID^ 

21.  Head  not  wide  behind  the  eyes  which  are  prominent;  beak  longer  than  the 

head;  trochanters  very  short,  fusing  with  the  femora;  abdominal  spiracles 
placed  near  the  base  of  the  segments.     (Aradus)  (PI.  14,  fig.  335). 

ARADID^ 

Posterior  part  of  head  wide,  enclosing  the  eyes,  often  spinose,  beak  rarely 

longer  than   the  head;   trochanters   distinct;   abdominal   spiracles   remote 

from  the  base  of  the  segments.     (Aneiirus,  Mezira.) DYSODIIDjE 

22.  Beak  four-jointed,  with  the  first  joint  small;  last  joints  of  the  antenn.ie  more 

slender;  membrane  with  two  or  three  longitudinal  cells  emitting  radiating 

veins.     (Reduviolus,  Pagasa.) NABID.^ 

Beak  three-jointed 23 


Hemiptera.  79 

23.  Head  not  constricted  at  the  base  behind  the  eyes 24 

Head  constricted  at  the  base  and  behind  the  eyes,  swollen  between;  pronotum 

divided  into  three  lobes;  hemelytra  wholly  membranous,  provided  with 
longitudinal  veins  and  a  few  crossveins;  front  tibiie  swollen;  front  tarsi 
one-jointed,   hind  tarsi  two-jointed.     (Henicocephalus)    (PI.  14,  fig.  336). 

HENICOCEPHALID^ 

24.  First  joint  of  antennae  longer  than  the  second;  hemelytra  with  submembra- 

naceous  corium  with  elevated  veins,  the  clavus  and  membrane  membra- 
naceous, confluent,  the  latter  destitute  of  veins.     (Mesovelia.) 

MESOVELIID^ 

First  joint  of  antennre  shorter  than  the  second;  hemelytra  with  distinct  clavus, 

corium  and  membrane,  the  latter  with  four  or  five  contiguous  longitudinal 

cells;    eyes    large    and    projecting;    small,    flattened    forms.     Shore-bugs.  i, 

(Acanthia  {=SaId(i).)     (PI.  13,  fig.  315.) ....  (SALDID^)  ACANTHIID^ 

25.  Antennse  elbowed,  filiform  or  often  slender  apically;  membrane  with  two  or 

three  large  basal  cells 26 

Last  joint  of  antennae  knobbed  or  enlarged  in  the  middle;  membrane  with  the 
veins  joined,  frequently  forked  and  uniting;  tarsi  two-jointed;  front  legs 
formed  for  grasping,  the  femora  much  thickened.     (Phymata.)  /--' 

{PHYMATlDyE)  MACROCEPHALID^ 

26.  Rather  robust,  predatory  species,  body  not  linear.     Assassin  bugs.     (Melano- 

lestes  [M.  picipes.  Kissing  bug],  Conorhinus  [C.  sanguisugus.  Big  Bedbug],        X 

Sinea)  (PI.   13,  figs.  316,   193;  PI.   14,  fig.  338) REDUVIID^ 

Linear  species  with  excessively  long  and  thin  legs.     (Emesa.) .  .EMESID.^ 

27.  Head  not  shield-like,  the  margins  usually  obtuse;  antennae  completely  visible 

from  above 28 

Head  more  or  less  expanded,  the  side  margins  acute  in  front  of  the  eyes;  at 
least  the  first  joint  of  the  antennae  not  visible  from  above;  membrane  with 
several  veins 36 

28.  Antennae  five-jointed,   the  second  joint  short;   clavus  membranous,   largely 

confluent  with  the  membrane  which  is  destitute  of  veins;  tarsi  two-jointed. 

(Naeogeus.) {HEBRIDM)  NiEOGEID^ 

Antennae  four-jointed 29 

29.  Ocelli   absent 30 

Ocelli  present 31 

30.  Hemelytra  of  the  fully  winged  forms  consisting  of  clavus,  corium  and  mem- 

brane; beak  free;  tarsi  three- jointed;  stout   bugs  of  moderate  size.     (Dys- 

dercus  [D.  svturelhis.  Cotton  Stainer]) PYRRHOCORIDyE 

Hemelytra  wholly  membranous,  densely  reticulated;  cheeks  entirely  raised, 
forming  a  groove  which  includes  the  base  of  the  beak;  tarsi  two- join  ted; 
flat  bugs  of  small  size.  Lace-bugs,  (Cor3rthuca  [C.  arcuata.  Hawthorn 
Lace-bug])  (PI.  14,  fig.  340) TINGITIDiE 

31.  Membrane  with  many  longitudinal  veins  which  often  unite;  antennae  inserted 

well  up  on  the  sides  of  the  head 32 

Membrane  with  at  most  five  veins 34 


so  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

32.  Fourth  dorsal  segment  of  abdomen  constricted  medially;  gland  openings  of 
metathorax  usually  obsolete,  if  rarely  visible  placed  between  the  hind  coxal 
cavities  and  emitting  two  divergent  grooves.     (Corizus,  Harmostes)  (PI. 

14,  fig.  331) CORIZID.ffi 

Basal  margin  of  fourth  and  fifth  dorsal  segments  usually  sinuate  in  parallel 
manner;  gland  openings  of  metathorax  almost  always  distinct 33 

S3.  Head  much  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  prothorax,  cheeks  usually  reaching 
behind  insertion  of  antennae;  exterior  margin  of  hind  coxal  cavities  nearly 
parallel  with  axis  of  body.  (Anasa  [A.  tristis.  Squash-bug],  Leptoglossus 
[L.  phijllopus,  leaf-footed  Bug],  Leptocoris  [L.  trivittatits,  Box-elder  plant- 
bug])  (PI.  13,  figs.  317,  318,  320;  PI.  14,  figs.  334,  341) COREIDiE 

Head  nearly  as  broad  and  long  as  prothorax,  cheeks  scarcely  extending  behind 
base  of  antenn;?;  exterior  margin  of  hind  coxal  cavities  more  or  less  trans- 
verse.    (Alydus,  Stachyocnemus.) ALYDJD.^ 

34.  Anterior  lobes  of  the  head  produced  at  the  apex;  membrane  of  the  fully  winged 

forms  usually  with  four  free  veins  and  coriaceous  at  the  base;  tarsi  two- 
jointed.     (Plesma.) PIESMID^ 

Anterior  lobes  of  the  head  not  produced;  membrane  of  the  fully  winged  forms 
entirely  membranous;  tarsi  three-jointed .• 35 

35.  Antennae  not  elbowed;  head  not  constricted  in  front  of  the  eyes.     (Blissus 

[B.  leucopterus.  Chinch-bug],  Oncopeltus,  Geocoris)  (PI.  14,  fig.  343). 

{LYG/EID.E)  MYODOCHID^ 

Antennae  elbowed,  the  first  joint  long  and  clubbed,  the  last  joint  spindle-shaped; 

head  constricted  in  front  of  the  eyes;  scutellum  small;  femora  clubbed. 

Stilt  Bugs.     (Jalysus,  Neides.) {BERYTIDM)  NEIDLD.^ 

36.  Scutellum  narrowed  behind,  rarely  almost  covering  the  abdomen;  veins  of 

membrane  arising  near  inner  basal  angle  from  a  vein  extending  from  this 
angle  nearly  parallel  with  the  margin  of  the  corium.  Stink  bugs.  (Cos- 
mopepla,  Euschistus,  Murgantia  [M.  histrionica.  Harlequin  Cabbage-bug], 
Peribalus,  Brochymena.)     (PI.  13,  fig.  314;  PI.  14,  fig.  332.) 

PENTAT6MID.S 
Scutellum  very  convex  and  large,  nearly  or  quite  covering  the  abdomen;  mem- 
brane with  a  curved  or  oblique  crossvein  whose  inner  end  extends  away 
from  the  corium;  hind  wings  with  a  heavy  abrupt  spur-like  vein  (hamus)  37 

37.  Corium   narrow,   and   pointed;   tibiae  strongly  spinose;  (Thyreocoris  {=Cori- 

metena),  Cydnus)  {CORIMERENIDM,CYDNIDM) .  TWfREOCOmDJE 

Corium  broad,  obtuse  at  apex;  tibiae  smooth  or  with  small  spinules.     (Eury- 

gaster,  Homaemus.) SCUTELLERIDiE 

CfcASS  THYSANURA. 

Rather  small,  wingless,  terrestrial  insects  of  active  habits; 
body  generally  clothed  with  scales;  antennae  hair-like,  many- 
jointed;  abdomen  composed  of  eleven  segments,  the  last  furnished 
with  a  pair  of  long,  filiform  many -jointed  cerci  and  usually  with 


Lepismatoidea — Machiloidea  81 

a  similar  and  long  median  cerciforni  appendage;  the  second  to 
the  seventh  ventral  segments  with  single-jointed,  marginal  styles 
and  eversible  sacs;  eighth  and  ninth  ventral  segments  of  female 
with  paired  short,  conical,  egg-laying  appendages;  mouthparts 
free,  their  tips  visible. 


-      ORDER  LEPISMATOIDEA. . 

(ZYGENTOMA.) 

Rather  small,  very  active,  wingless,  terrestrial  forms,  with  the 
body  narrow,  flattened  and  gradually  attenuated  posteriorly; 
body  always  clothed  with  scales;  eyes  small,  not  approximate; 
consisting  of  separated  ocelli;  tergites  weakly  developed,  but  the 
pleurites  and  sternites  strongly  so;  pro  thorax  as  large  and  usually 
much  larger  than  the  mesothorax;  tarsi  two-jointed;  two  pairs 
of  thoracic  and  eight  pairs  of  abdominal  spiracles;  no  power  of 
springing. 

(Lepisma  [L.  saccharina.   Bristle-tail),   Gastrotheus].)     (PI.  16,  6gs.  378,  387). 

LEPISMATID.S; 

ORDER  MACHILOIDEA. 

(ARCHEOGNATHA.) 

Rather  small  active  wingless,  terrestrial  forms,  with  the  body 
convex  above  and  somewhat  compressed,  gradually  tapering  pos- 
teriorly; body  clothed  with  scales;  eyes  very  large,  meeting  or 
nearly  so;  tergites  strongly  developed,  extending  to  the  under  side 
of  the  body,  the  pleurites  and  sternites  greatly  reduced;  pro  thorax 
smaller  than  the  mesothorax;  tarsi  three-jointed;  two  pairs  of 
thoracic  and  seven  pairs  of  abdominal  spiracles;  insects  capable 
of  springing. 
(Machilis.) MACHILIDiE 

CLASS  CAMPODEOIDEA. 

(DIPLURA.) 

Small,  slender,  wingless  insects  incapable  of  springing  and  of 
sluggish  habits;  body  never  clothed  with  scales;  antennae  usually 
many  jointed;  eyes  absent;  abdomen  consisting  of  eleven  segments, 
the  last  segment  either  more  or  less  covered  by  the  preceding 
or  fused  with  it;  no  ventral  tube,  but  the  first  to  the  seventh  or 


82  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

the  second  to  the  seventh  segments  are  provided  with  ventral 
styles;  apex  of  abdomen  without  median  process,  but  with  paired 
cerci;  mouthparts  partly  concealed  within  the  head,  but  the 
palpi  extended;  tarsi  one-jointed;  no  metamorphosis. 

ORDER  RHABDURA. 

Very  thinly  chitinized,  small,  slender,  terrestrial  insects  with 
somewhat  flattened  body;  abdomen  ending  in  long,  or  rather  long, 
jointed  cerci. 

1.  Occiput  of  the  head  small  and  hardly  distinct  from  the  vertex;  first  ventral 
segment  with  four  posterior  processes;  cerci  short,  robust,  sLx-jointed,  per- 
forated at  apex;  ten  spiracles.     (Anajapyx)  (PL  16,  fig.  386). 

PROJAPYGID^ 

Occiput  rather  large  and  distinct  from  the  vertex;  first  ventral  segment  with 

two  posterior  processes;    cerci  long,  slender  and  apically  imperforate;  three 

spiracles.     (Campodea.)  (PI.  16,  fig.  279.) CAMPODErD.ffi 

ORDER  DICELLURA. 

{URATOCHEILA.) 

Rather  delicate  terrestrial  insects  with  somewhat  flattened 
body,  the  abdomen  ending  in  a  pair  of  strong  one-jointed  forceps; 
first  ventral  segment  with  two  short  styles  and  two  submedian 
hairy  papillae. 

(Japyx)     (PI.   16,  figs.  382,  383) JAPYG1D.S 

CLASS  COLLEMBOLA. 

Minute,  wingless,  springing  insects;  body  sometimes  clothed 
with  scales;  abdomen  consisting  of  six  segments  and  never  ter- 
minated by  caudal  filaments  or  pincers-like  appendages;  ventral 
tube  always  present;  a  forked  leaping  appendage  usually  present 
beneath  the  abdomen.  Eyes  of  degenerate  compound  type; 
palpi  vestigial;  antennse  with  four  to  six  joints;  tarsi  one-jointed; 
no  metamorphosis. 

ORDER  ARTHROPLEONA. 

Body  lengthened,  subcylindrical ;  the  abdomen  composed  of 
six  free  segments,  the  fourth  segment  often  much  lengthened; 
heart  with  six  pairs  of  ostioles. 


/ 


Symphypleona — Protura.  83 

1.  Furcula  wanting;  body  naked  or  hairy,  never  with  scales;  antennae  four-jointed, 

often   poorly-developed;    claws   two   or  one;   sluggish   species.     (An^da, 

Neanfira)  {ANURIDIDM) APHORURED^ 

Furcula  present 2 

2.  Furcula   attached   to   the   penultimate   abdominal  segment;   body  sometimes 

clothed  with  scales;  antennae  four-  to  six-jointed;  claws  two.     (Isotoma, 
Orchesella,  Tomocerus)  (PI.  16,  figs.  380,  381). 

{DEGEERIIDJE)  ENTOMOBRYID^ 

Furcula  attached  to  the  antepenultimate  abdominal  segment;  body  without 

scales;  antennae  four-jointed;   claws  two  or   one.      (Podftra,  Achorfites.) 

{ACHORUTIDM)  PODURID.ffi 

C  ORDER  SYMPHYPLEONA. 

Body  shortened;  abdomen  globose,  its  segments  in  part  fused; 
head  usually  vertical;  ventral  tube  always  long  and  well  developed, 
usually  with  two  long,  exsertile  filaments;  furcula  well  developed; 
no  post  antennal  organ;  heart  with  two  pairs  of  ostioles. 

1.  Last  joint  of  the  antennae  long,  usually  divided  into  false  ring  joints  (annuli); 

upper  claw  unindentate.     (Sminthiirus.)     (PI.  16,  fig.  384). 

SMINTHURIDiE 
Last  joint  of  antennae  short,  not  ringed 2 

2.  Last  joint  of  antennae  with  whorls  of  hairs;  the  distal  part  of  the  third  joint 

annulate;  head  vertical;  filaments  of  ventral  tube  long;  thorax  shorter  than 

the  abdomen.     (Papirius.) PAPIRilD.ffi 

Distal  joints  of  antennae  simple;  head  horizontal;  filaments  of  ventral  tube 
represented  by  two  rounded  tubercles;  thorax  longer  than  the  abdomen. 
(Neelus,  Megalothorax.) {MEGALOTHORACIDM)  NEELm.^: 

CLASS  MIRIENTOMATA. 

Minute,  delicate,  wingless,  terrestrial,  blind  species.  Body 
bare;  antennae  absent,  abdomen  comprising  eleven  segments  and 
a  short  anal  tube,  the  basal  three  segments  furnished  with  styles;  no 
cerci;  mouthparts,  formed  for  sucking,  but  retracted  within  the 
head. 

ORDER  PROTURA. 

Slender,   head  pear-shaped,   labrum   medially   narrowed   to   a 
beak,  mandibles  long  and  slender;  pro  thorax  short;  legs  short, 
tarsi  one-jointed. 
(Eosentomon)     (PI.  16,  fig.  385) E0SENT6MID.ffi 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

PLATE  1. 
Phasmoidea,  Orthoptera,  Dennaptera. 

1.  Pseudomeryle.     (Caudell)  [Phasmidae] 

2.  Conocephalus.     (Blatchley)  [Locustidae] 

3.  Ceuthophilus.     (Blatchley)  [Locustidse] 

4.  Anabrus.     (Caudell)  [Locustida;] 

6.  Tridactylus,  wings.     (Handlirsch)  [Tridactylidse] 

6.  Tettix,  side  view  of  pronotum.     (Packard)  [Tettigidse] 

7.  Caloptenus,  side  view  of  pronotum.     (Packard)  [Acridiidae] 

8.  Acridium,  hind  leg.     (Lugger)  [Acridiidae] 

9.  Gryllotalpa,  front  leg.     (Berlese)  [Gryllotalpida;] 

10.  Tettigidea.     (Blatchley)  [Tettigidae] 

11.  Tettix,  wings.     (Handlirsch)  [Tettigidae] 

12.  Gryllus,  fore  wing.     (Handlirsch)  [Gryllidae] 

13.  (Ecanthus,  fore  wing.     (Handlirsch)  [Gryllidae] 

14.  Gryllotalpa,  wings.     (Handlirsch)  [Gryllotalpida;] 

15.  Propyragra.     (Burr)  [Pygidicranida;] 

16.  Doru.     (Burr)  [Forficulida;] 

17.  Labidura.     (Burr)  [Labiduridae] 

18.  Hind  wing  of  Earwig.     [Forficullda;] 


84 


Plate 


Brues,  del 


PHASMOIDEA,  ORTHOPTERA,  DERMAPTERA. 


PLATE  2. 

Grylloblattoidea,  Thysanoptera,  Mantoidea, 
Blattoidea,  Zoraptera,  Isoptera,   Corrodentia,  Siphunculata,  Mallophaga. 

19.  Grylloblatta.     (Walker)  [Grylloblattidse] 

20.  Thrips.     [Thripidse] 

21.  HeUothrips.     (Russell)  [Thripidaj] 

22.  Stagmomantis.     (Rehn  &  Hebard)  [Mantidae] 

23.  Blatella.     [Blattida;] 

24.  Termes,  wing.     (Handlirsch)  [Termitidse] 

25.  Blatta,  wings.     [Blattidae] 

26.  Zorotypus.     (Silvestri)  [Zorotypidae] 

27.  Eutermes,  head.     [Termitidse] 

28.  Eutermes,  mandible.     [Termitidse] 

29.  Psocus,  wings.     (Comstock  &  Needham)  [Psocidae] 

30.  Troctes.     (Marlatt)  [Atropida;] 

81.  Euthrips,  tip  of  abdomen  showing  ovipositor.     (Russell)     [Thripidse] 

32.  Pediculus.     (Patton  &  Cragg)  [Pediculidse] 

33.  Phthirius.     (Patton  &  Cragg)  [Pediculidse] 

34.  Docophorus.     (Paine)  [Philopteridse] 

35.  Lipeurus.     (Paine)  [Philopteridse] 


Plate  2. 


B.  B.  Brues,  del. 
GRYLLOBLATTOIDEA,    THYSANOPTERA,    MANTOIDEA,    BLATTOIDEA, 
ZORAPTERA,    ISOPTERA.   CORRODENTIA,    SIPHUNCULATA,    MALLO- 
PHAGA. 


PLATE  3.  ! 

Hymenoptera.  ; 

36.  Xyela,  fore  wings.     (Macgillivray)  [Xyelidae]  j 

37.  Dolerus,  wings.     [Tenthredinidae]  I 

38.  Aulacus,  wings.     [Evaniidae]  ' 

39.  Tremex,  wings.     [Siricidse] 

40.  Rhogas,  wings.     [Braconidse] 

41.  Pelecinus,  wings.     [Pelecinidae] 

42.  Ophion,  wings.     [Ichneumonidse] 

43.  Foenus,  wnngs.     [Evaniidae] 

44.  Chalcidoidea,  fore  wing  (diagrammatic)  Sm.  submarginal  vein;  M,  marginal 

vein;  Pm,  postmarginal  vein;  St,  stigmal  vein.     [Chalcididse] 

45.  Sphaerophthalma,  wings.     [Mutillidae] 

46.  Cynipoidea,  fore  wing,     (diagrammatic)   (Kieffer) 

47.  Chiysis,  wings.     [Chrysididse] 

48.  Myzine,  wings  of  male.     [Myzinidae]  > 

49.  Myzine,  wings  of  female.     [Myzinidae] 

50.  Psammochares,  wings.     [Psammocharidae] 

51.  Tachytes,  wings.     [Larridae]  i 

52.  Bembex,  wings.     [Bembecidae]   '  ; 

53.  Vespa,  wings.     [Vespidae] 

54.  Cerceris,  wings.     [Philanthidae] 

55.  Eucerceris,  wings.     [Philanthidae] 

56.  Gorytes,  wings.     [Gorytidae]  j 

57.  Isodontia,  wings.     [Sphegidae]  '  i 

58.  Trypoxylon,  wings.     [Trypoxylonidae]  ! 

59.  Eximenes,  wings.     [Eumenidae]  i 


Plate  3. 


B.  B.  Brues,  del. 


HYMENOPTERA. 


PLATE  4. 
Hjmienoptera. 

60.  Hind  leg  of  bee.     (Riley) 

61.  Hind  leg  of  bee.     (Riley) 

62.  Hind  leg  of  bee.     (Riley) 

63.  Ichneumon,   basal  segments  of  leg;   tr.    two-jointed    trochanter.     (Sharp) 

[Ichneumonidse] 

64.  Elasmus,  basal  segments  of  leg;  tr.,  two-jointed  trochanter  (Silvestri)  [Elas- 

midse] 

65.  Ponera,  winged  9  ;  1,  node  or  basal  segment  of  abdomen.     (Wheeler)  [For- 

micidfie] 

66.  Tachytes,  underside  of  thorax;  M.,  mesosternum;  P.,  its  posterior  process; 

C,  coxae.     (Williams)  [Larridae] 

67.  Myrmica,  thorax  and  basal  segments  of  abdomen;  1,  2,  3,  first  three  abdominal 

segments.     (^Vheeler)  [Formicidse] 

68.  Pteromalus,  thorax  from  above;  P.,  pronotum;  M.,  mesonotum;  T.,  tegula; 

A.,  axilla;  S.,  scutellum.     [Pteromalidse] 

69.  Chalcidoidea,  diagram  of  antenna;  P.,  pedicel;  R.,  ring-joints;  F.,  funicle; 

C.  club. 

70.  Dibrachys,  antenna  of  female.     [Pteromalidse] 

71.  Same,  male.     [Pteromalidse] 

72.  Bephratoides.     (Brues)  [Eurytomidse] 

73.  Eulophus,  thorax  from  side.     (Silvestri)  Lettering  as  in  fig.  68.      [Eulophidse] 

74.  Telenomus.     [Scelionidse] 

75.  Chlorion,  thorax  from  above.     (Femald)  Lettering  as  in  fig.  68.     [Sphecidae] 

76.  Bracon.     (Hunter  &  Hinds)  [Braconidae] 

77.  Chlorion,  lateral  view  of  thorax  and  abdomen.     (Femald)  [Sphecidae] 

78.  Vespa,  head  from  front.     (Schmiedeknecht)  [Vespidae] 

79.  Ichneumon,  apex  of  abdomen  with  ovipositor.     [Ichneumonidse] 

80.  Coccophagus.     (Howard)  [Eulophidae] 

81.  Apis,  hind  leg.     (Smith)  [Apidae] 

82.  Epeolus,  apex  of  abdomen,  with  sting.     (Brues)   [Melectidae] 

83.  Cladius.     (Chittenden)  [Tenthredinida?] 


90 


Plate  4, 


B.  B.  Bruea,  del. 


HYMENOPTERA. 


PLATE  5. 
Hymenoptera,  Coleoptera. 

84.  Vanhomia.     (Crawford)  [S^anhorniidse] 

85.  Cryptus.     [Ichnuemonidae]  ^ 

86.  Ceraphron,  head.     [Ceraphronidae] 

87.  Serphus.     (Brues)  [Serphidae] 

88.  Niteliopsis,  antenna  of  female.     (WDliams)  [Larridse] 

89.  Larropsis,  front  tarsus  of  female.     (Williams)  [Larridae] 

90.  Head  of  long-tongued  bee.     (Cockerell) 

91.  Apis,  head.     (Chesire)  at,  antenna;  md.,  mandible;  Im.,  labium;  mx.,  maxillary 

palpus;  Ip.,  labial  palpus,  lb.,  labium.     [Apidae] 

92.  Gonatopus,  front  tarsus  of  female.     [Dryinidae] 

93.  Loxotropa,  antenna.     [Diapriidae] 

94.  Dermestes.     (Howard  &  Marlatt)  [Dermestidae] 

95.  Staphylinus.     [Staphylinidae] 

96.  Silvanus.     (Chittenden)  [Cucujidae] 

97.  Brachinus.     [Carabidae] 

98.  Chrysobothris.     (Chittenden)  [Buprestidae] 

99.  Epicauta.     (Bruner)  [Meloidae] 

100.  Elaphidion.     (Forbes)  [Cerambycidae] 

101.  Cybister.     (Maxwell-Lefroy)  [Dytiscidae] 

102.  Bruchus.     (Felt)  [Bruchidae] 

103.  Lyctus.     (Hopkins)  [Lyctidag] 

104.  Diabrotica.     (Chittenden)  [Chrysomelidae] 

105.  Tenebrio.     (Girault)  [Tenebrionidae] 

106.  Balaninus.     (Chittenden)  [Curculionidae] 

107.  Lachnostema.     (Forbes)  [Scarabaeidse] 


92 


Plate  5. 


HYMENOPTERA,  COLEOPTERA. 


PLATE  6. 
Coleoptera. 

108.  Harpalus,  underside.     (Hayward)  [Carabidse] 

109.  Necrophorus,  upper  side,  wings  spread  on  left  side  and  removed  on  right. 

(Hayward)  [Silphidae] 

110.  Hydrophilus,  wing.     [HydrophUidse] 

111.  Hydrophilus,  mesosternum.     (Berlese)  [Hydrophilidse] 

112.  Hylastes,  dorsal  outline  of  head  and  prothorax.     (Felt)  [Ipidse] 

113.  Prostemum  of  beetle,  showing  coxal  cavities  confluent  and  open  behind. 

[Wickham] 

114.  Prosternum  of  beetle,  showing  coxal  cavities  separated  and  open   behind. 

[Wickham] 

115.  Brenthus,  head  from  above.     (Berlesse)  [Brenthidse] 

116.  Platypus,  dorsal  outline  of  head  and  prothorax.     (Felt)  [Platypodidae] 

117.  Gyrinus,  hind  leg.     (Berlese)  [Gyrinidse] 

118.  Epilachna,  hind  leg.     (Silvestri)  [CoccinelUdse] 

119.  Prosternum  of  beetle,  showing  coxal  cavities  separated  and  closed  behind. 

[Wickham] 

120.  Epilachna,  head  from  above.  [Silvestri]  [Coccinellidae] 

121.  Epilachna,  head  from  below.  (Silvestri)  [Coccinellidae] 

122.  Pityogenes,  front  leg.     (Felt)  [Ipidse] 

123.  Coccinella.     [Coccinellidae] 

124.  Haliplus,    c,  coxal  plate.     (Maxwell-Lefroy)  [Haliplidae] 

125.  Curculionidae,  side  view  of  head. 


94 


Plate 


#^ 


B.  B.  Bnies,  del. 


COLEOPTERA. 


PLATE  7. 
Coleoptera. 

126.  Ludius,  antenna.     [Elateridae] 

127.  Prionocyphon,  antenna.     [Helodidse] 

128.  Corymbites,  antenna.     [Elateridae] 

129.  Acneus,  antenna.     [Helodidae] 

130.  Dendroides,  antenna.     [Pyrochroidse] 

131.  Dorcatoma,  antenna.     [Anobiidse] 

132.  Aulicus,  antenna.     [Cleridae] 

133.  Corynetes,  antenna.     [Corynetidse] 

134.  Brontes,  antenna.     [Cucujidse] 

135.  Temnochilus,  antenna.     [Ostomatidae] 

136.  Catoptrichus,  antenna.     [Silphidae] 

137.  Colon,  antenna.     [Silphidae] 

138.  Bryaxis,  antenna.     [Pselaphidae] 

139.  Anogdus,  antenna.     [Silphidae] 

140.  Liodes,  antenna.     [Silphidae] 

141.  Epierus.  antenna.     [Histeridae] 

142.  Phymaphora,  antenna.     [Mycetaeidae]  (Figs.  126-142  from  Leconte  &  Horn) 

143.  Macronychus,  apical  portion  of  tarsus.     [Pamidae] 

144.  Heterocerus,  antenna.     [Heteroceridae] 

145.  Dasycerus,  antenna.     [Lathridiidae] 

146.  Rhysodes,  antenna.     [Rhysodidae] 

147.  Dineutes,  antenna.     [Gyrinidae] 

148.  Adranes,  antenna.     [Pselaphidae] 

149.  Lucanus,  antenna.     [Lucanidae] 

150.  Bolbocerus,  antenna.     [Scarabaeidae] 

151.  Lachnostema,  antenna.     (Scarabaeidae]  (Figs.  144-151  from  Leconte  &  Horn) 

152.  Anthrenus,  antenna.     (Felt)  [Dermestidae] 

153.  Sitones,  antenna.     (Silvestri)  [Curculionidae] 

154.  Ips,  antenna.     (Felt)  [Ipidae] 

155.  Dendroctonus,  antenna.     (Felt)  [Ipidae] 

156.  Plat3T)us,  tibia  and  tarsus  of  front  leg.     (Felt)  [Platypodidae] 

157.  Leptinotarsa,  tarsus.     (Sharp)  [Chrysomelidae] 

158.  Tachypus,  wing;  illustrating  type  1  of  wing  venation  in  Coleoptera.     (Kem- 

pers)  [Carabidae] 

159.  Omma,  wing;  illustrating  type  1,     (Kempers)  [Ommadidae] 

160.  Necrophorus,  wing;  illustrating  type  2.     (Kempers)  [Silphidae] 

161.  Lygistopterus,  wing;  illustrating  type  3.     (Kempers)  [Eycidae] 

162.  Erineophilus,  front  tibia.     (Felt)  [Ipidae] 

163.  Adimerus,  tarsus.     (Sharp)  [Adimeridae] 

164.  Scarites,  front  leg.     (Kolbe)  [Carabidae] 

165.  Dytiscus,  front  tibia  and  tarsus  of  male.     (Kolbe)  [Dytiscidae] 

166.  Mordellistena.     [Mordellidae] 

167.  Saperda,  apical  part  of  tarsus.     [Cerambycidae] 

168.  Megalodachne,  tarsus.     [Erotylidae] 

96 


Plate  7. 


/2d    127         128  12!)  J-^0  131    J        J32        133     \  J34 


135  136 


B.  B.  Bruea,  del. 


COLEOPTERA. 


PLATE  8. 

Strepsiptera,  Embiidaria,  Odonata,  Megaloptera,  Plectoptera,  Plecoptera» 
Neuroptera,  Raphidoidea. 

169.  Stylops.     (Pierce)  [Xenidse] 

170.  Anthericomma,  antenna  of  male.     (Pierce)  [Halictophagidse] 

171.  Xenos,  wing  of  male.     (Kirby)  [Xenidse] 

172.  Xenos,  head  of  female.     (Brues)  [Xenidae] 

173.  Anisembia.     (Melander)  [Embiidae] 

174.  Donaconethis,  wings.     (Enderlein)  [Olynthidee] 

175.  Caenocholax,  antenna  of  male.     (Pierce)  [Xenidse] 

176.  Libellula,  head.     (Hyatt  &  Arms)  [Libellulidse] 

177.  Mantispa,  wings.     (Handlirsch)  [Mantispidse] 

178.  Libellula,  wings.     [Libellulidse] 

179.  Corydalis,  wings.     (Handlirsch)  [Corydalidae] 

180.  Chloroperla.     [Perlidse] 

181.  Chirotenetes,  wings.     (Needham)  [Ephemeridae] 

182.  Perla,  tarsus.     [Perlidse] 

183.  Caenis,  wing.     (Needham)  [Ephemeridae] 

184.  Dilar,  wings.     (Handlirsch)  ]Dilarid8e] 

185.  Raphidia,  wings.     (Handlirsch)  [Raphidiidae] 

186.  Chauliodes,  wings.     [Corydalidae] 

187.  Perla,  wings.     [Perlidse] 

188.  Mantispa,  head  and  prothorax  from  above.     [Mantispidse] 

189.  Mantispa,  raptorial  front  leg.     [Mantispidae] 


Plate  8. 


B.  B.  Brues,  del. 

STREPSIPTERA,     EMBIDIIARIA,     ODONATA,     MEGALOPTERA,     PLEC- 
TOPTERA,  PLECOPTERA,  NEUROPTERA,  RAPHIDIOIDEA. 


PLATE  9. 
Panorpatae,  Trichoptera,  Lepidoptera. 

190.  Panorpa,  wings.     [Panorpidse] 

191.  Panorpa,  head  from  side.     (Packard)  [Panorpidse] 

192.  Panorpa,  head  from  front.     (Packard)  [Panorpidse] 

193.  Bittacus.     [Bittacusida;]      X0.5 

194.  Panorpa.     [Panorpidse]      XO.o 

195.  Limnephilus,  wings.     [Limnephilidse] 

196.  Limnephilus.     [Limnephilidse]     XI 

197.  Hydropsyche,  wings.     (Ulmer)  [Hydropsychidse] 

198.  Hydropsyche,  head.     [Hydropsychida;] 

199.  Eriocephala;  wing.  (Forbes)  Sc,  subcosta;  R.,  radius;  M.,  media;  Cu.,  cubitus; 

A.,  anal  (their  branches  indicated  by  numbers);  hum.,  humeral  crossvein; 
udcv.,  upper  discocellular  vein  (radio-medial  crossvein);  Idcv.,  lower  disco- 
cellular  vein;  i.,  intercalated  cell;  ac.  c,  accessory  cell.     [Eriocephalidae] 

200.  Portion  of  bleached  wing  membrane,  showing  points  of  attachment  of  scales 

and  aculese  (prickles).     (Forbes) 

201.  Setomorpha,  wings.     (Busck)  [Tineidse] 

202.  Noctua.     (Forbes)  Lettering  as  in  fig.  199.     [Noctuidse] 

203.  Pterophorus,  wings.     (Berlese)  [Pterophoridse] 

204.  Omeodes,  wings.     (Berlese)  [Orneodidse] 

205.  Harrisina,  wings.     (Jones)  [Pyromorphidse] 

206.  Coleophora,  wings,     [Cosmopterygidae] 

207.  Pronuba,    mouthparts.     (Packard)  m.    p.,    maxillary   palpus;    pi.,  palpifer. 

[Prodoxidse] 

208.  Mompha,  wings.     (Busck)  [Cosmopterygidse] 

209.  Agnippe,  wings.     (Busck)  [Gelechiidse] 

210.  Papilio,  wings.     (Comstock)  [Papilionidse] 

211.  Prionoxystus,  wings.     (Comstock  &  Needham)  [Cossidfle] 

212.  Coptotriche,  wings.     (Walsingham)  [Tischeriidae] 


100 


Plate  9. 


B.  B.  Brues,  del. 


PANORPAT^,  TRICHOPTERA,  LEPIDOPTERA. 


PLATE  10. 
Lepidoptera. 

213.  Epargyreus,  last  joint  of  tarsus  of  male.     (Scudder)  a,  dorsal  view;  b,  latera 

view.     [Hesperiidse] 

214.  Chrysophanus,  details  of  leg.     (Scudder)  a,  front  leg  of  male  with  tarsal 

joints  on  left  more  enlarged;  b,  front  leg  of  female  with  last  tarsal  joint  on 
left  more  enlarged;  c,  middle  leg  of  male.     [Lycsenidae] 

215.  Calephelis,  details  of  legs.     (Scudder)   a,  tibia  and  tarsus  of  front  leg  of  male, 

with  tarsus  on  left  more  enlarged;  b,  tibia  and  tarsus  of  front  leg  of  female, 
with  last  joint  on  left  more  enlarged;  c,  tibia  and  tarsus  of  middle  leg  of  male. 
[Lemoniidse] 

216.  Plumose  antenna  of  moth.     (Duncan) 

217.  Euphydryas,  details  of  legs.     (Scudder)  a,  tibia  and  tarsus  of  front  leg  of 

male,  with  last  joints  of  tarsus  on  left  more  enlarged;  b,  tibia  and  tarsus 
of  front  leg  of  female  with  last  joints  of  tarsus  below  more  enlarged;  c 
tibia  and  tarsus  of  middle  leg  of  male.     [Nymphalidse] 

218.  Cissia,  details  of  legs.     (Scudder)  a,  tibia  and  tarsus  of  front  leg  of  male, 

with  tarsus  on  left  more  enlarged;  b.  tibia  and  tarsus  of  front  leg  of  female, 
with  tarsus  on  left  more  enlarged;  c,  tibia  and  tarsus  of  middle  leg  of  male. 
[Agapetidae] 

219.  Antenna  of  skipper,  apical  portion.     (Pimcan)  [Hesperiidse] 

220.  Antenna  of  butterfly,  apical  portion.     (Duncan) 

221.  Bembecia,  middle  leg.     (Beutenmiiller)  [Sesiidse] 

222.  Scales  from  the  wings  of  various  Lepidoptera.     (Scudder) 

223.  Crambus,  lateral  outline  of  body.     (Femald)  m.,  maxillary  palpus;  1.,  labial 

palpus.     [Pyralididae] 

224.  Antenna  of  moth.     (Duncan) 

225.  Pterophorus,  hind  leg  of  male.     (Femald)  [Pterophoridse] 

226.  HjT)oprepia,  wings.     (Hampson)  [Lithosiidae] 

227.  Alypiodes,  wings.     (Hampson)  [Agaristidae] 

228.  Hemiceras,  wings.     (Hampson)  [Notodontidae] 

229.  Melittia,  head.     (BeutenmuUer)  [Sesiidae] 

230.  Ephestia,  wings.     (Chittenden)  [Pyralididae] 

231.  Platyptilia,  wings.     (Femald)  [Pterophoridae] 

232.  Melittia,  wings.     (Beutenmiiller)  [Sesiidae] 

233.  Nigetia,  wings.     (Holland)  [Nolidae] 

234.  Anosia,  head  from  front.     (Scudder)  a.,  base  of  antenna;  e.,  eye;  p.,  base  of 

proboscis.     [Lymnadidse] 

235.  Anosia,  wings.     (Scudder)  [Lymnadidae] 

236.  Euvanessa,  head,  prothorax  and  front  of  mesothorax.     (Scudder)  [Nymph- 

alidae] 

237.  Epargyreus,  side  view  of  head.     (Scudder)  [Hesperiidae) 

238.  Arotvu-a,  wings.     (Walsingham)  [Cosmopterygidae] 

239.  Gnorimoschema,  head  from  side.     (Busck)  [Gelechiidse] 


102 


Plate  10, 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


PLATE  11. 

Diptera. 

240.  Tipula.     [Tipulidae] 

241.  Bibio.     [Bibionidse] 

242.  Mayetiola.     [Cecidomyiidae] 

243.  Simulium.     (Lugger)  [Simuliidse] 

244.  Sargus.     (Verrall)  [Stratiomyiidae] 

245.  Acrocera.     (Verrall)  [Cyrtidae] 

246.  Pantophthalmus.     [Pantophthalmidse] 

247.  Tabanus.     [Tabanidae] 

248.  Scenoplnus  (Verrall)  [Scenopinidae] 

249.  Bombylius.     (Verrall)  [Bombyliidae] 

250.  Paraspiniphora.     (Verrall)  [Phoridae] 

251.  Euhybos.     [Empididae] 

252.  Physocephala.     (Lugger)  [Conopida;] 

253.  Belvosia.     [Tachinidae] 

254.  Lonchoptera.     (Verrall)  [Lonchopteridae] 

255.  Sphaerocera.     (Howard)  [Borboridae] 

256.  Oscinis.     (Lugger)  [Chloropidae] 

257.  Pseudolfersia.     (Lugger)  [Hippoboscidae] 


104 


Plate  11. 


A.  L.  Melander,  del. 


DIPTERA. 


PLATE  12. 
DJptera. 

258.  Tabanus,  wing.  (Williston)  a.  c.  v.,  anterior  crossvein;  p.  c.  v.,  small  cross- 
vein  [Tabanidse] 

£59.  Musca,  apex  of  tarsus,  showing  bristle-shaped  empodium.  (Kellogg)  [Mus- 
cidse] 

£60.  Thereva,  wing.     [Therevidse] 

£61.  Leptis,  end  of  tarsus  showing  empodium.     [Rhagionidse] 

£62.  Perrisia,  antenna  of  male.     (Verrall)  [Cecidomyiidae] 

263.  Pericoma,  wing.     [Psychodidse] 

264.  Stichopogon,  wing.     [Asilidae] 

265.  Anthrax,  wing.     [Bombyliidse] 

£66.  Bibio,  anteima.     (Verrall)  [Bibionidse] 

267.  CiUex,  wing.     [Culicidae] 

268.  Empis,  wing.     [Empididae] 

269.  Bittacomorpha,  wing.     [Ptychopteridse] 

270.  Platypalpus,  wing.     [Empididae] 

271.  Scatophaga,  wing.     [Scatophagidae] 

272.  Simtilixim,  antenna.     (Verrall)  [Simuliidse] 

273.  Tipula,  wing.     [Tipulidae] 

274.  Dolichopus,  wing.     [Dolichopodidae] 

275.  Euxesta,  wing.     [Ortalididae] 

276.  Rhypus,  antenna.     (Verrall)  [Rhyphidae] 

277.  Blepharocera,  wing.     (Comstock)  [Blepharoceridse] 

278.  Lonchoptera,  wing.     [Lonchopteridae] 

279.  Trixoscelis,  wing.     [Geomyzidae] 

280.  Ceroplatus,  wing.     [Mycetophilidse] 

281.  Eristalis,  wing.     [Syrphidae] 

282.  Meoneura,  wing.     [Milichiidae] 

283.  Tabanus,  antenna.     (Verrall)  [Tabanidae] 

284.  Orphnephila,  wing.     (Williston)  [Orphnephilidse] 

285.  Platjrpeza,  wing.     [Platj^jezidae] 

286.  Xylophagus,  antenna.     (Verrall)  pf^ylophagidae] 

287.  Ccenomyia,  antenna.     (Verrall)  [Coenomyiidae] 

288.  Rhyphus,  wing.     [Rhyphidae] 

289.  Pipunculus,  wing.     [Pipunculidae] 

290.  Rhachicerus,  antenna  of  female.     (Vollenhoven)  [Xylophagidffi] 

291.  Chrysopila,  wing.     [Rhagionidae] 

292.  Conops,  wing.     [Conopidae] 

293.  Thereva,  antenna.     (Verrall)  [Therevidae] 

294.  Bombylius,  antenna.     (Verrall)  [Bombyliidae] 

295.  Rhynchocephalus,  wing.     (Williston)  [Nemestrinidse] 

296.  Musca,  wing.     [Muscidae] 

297.  Gonia,  antenna.     (Williston)  [Tachinidae] 

298.  Mydas,  wing.     (Mydaidaej 

299.  Dolichopus,  antenna.     [Dolichopodidae] 

300.  Drapetis,  antenna.     (Williston)  [Empididae] 

301.  Volucella,  antenna.     (Williston)  [Syrphidae] 

106 


Plate  12. 


^£><;   -z:% 


A.  L.  Melander,  del. 


DIPTERA. 


PLATE  13. 
Diptera,  Suctoria,  Hemiptera. 

302.  Calliphora,  thorax  from   above.     (Walton)  Ac,  achrostichal  bristles;  DC.» 

dorsocentral  bristles;  H.,  humeral  bristles;  lA.,  intra-alar  bristles;  NP.,  noto- 
pleural  bristles;  PH.,  posthumeral  bristles;  PrS.,  presutural  bristles;  SA., 
supraalar  bristles;  PA.,  postalar  bristles;  Sc,  scutellum;  c.,  calypteres;  hp., 
hypopleura;  mp.,  meso-  pleura;  pa.,  postalar  callosity;  pp.,  propleura;  ptp., 
pteropleura;  stp.,  sternopleura;  h.,  humerus;  p.,  anterior  portion  of  meso- 
thorax  (prozona);  m.,  posterior  portion  of  mesothorax  (metazona)  [Calli- 
phoridse] 

303.  Calliphora,  thorax  from  side.     (Walton)     Lettering  as  in  fig.  302.     [Calli- 

phoridae] 

304.  Calliphora,  head  from  front.     (Walton)     a.,  antenna;  ar.,  arista;  eh.,  cheek; 

e.,  eye;  fo.,  fronto-orbital  bristles;  fs.,  frontal  suture;  in.,  interfrontalia;  c, 
ocellar  bristles;  ve.,  vertical  bristles.     [Calliphoridse] 

305.  Calliphora,  head  from   side.     (Walton)     Lettering  as   in  fig.   304.     [Calli- 

phoridae] 

306.  Ceratophyllus,  antenna.     (Fox)  [Pulicidae] 

307.  Ceratophyllus,  hind  tibia.     (Fox)  [Pulicidae] 

308.  Ctenocephalus,  hind  tibia.     (Fox)  [Pulicidae] 

309.  Ceratophyllus.     (Patton  &  Cragg)  [Pulicidae] 

310.  Dermatophilus.     (Butler)  [Dermatophilidae] 

311.  Xenopsylla,  head  from  side.     (Fox)  [Pulicidae] 

312.  Ctenocephalus,  antenna.     (Patton  &  Cragg)  [Pulicidae] 

313.  Nepa,  wings.     (Handlirsch)  [Nepidae] 

314.  Catacantha,  wings.     (Kirkaldy)  [Pentatomidae] 

315.  Acanthia,  wings.     (Handlirsch)  Acanthiidae] 

316.  Conorhinus,  wings.     (Patton   &  Cragg)     Em.,   embolium;   €1.,  clavus;   C, 

corium;  Mb,  membranaceous  area.     [Reduviidae] 

317.  Anasa,  antenna.     (Tower)     [Coreidae] 

318.  Anasa,  wings.     (Tower)  [Coreidae] 

319.  Reduvius,  tip  of  tibia  and  tarsus.     (Eysell)  [Reduviidae] 

320.  Anasa,  leg.     (Tower)     [Coreidae] 

321.  Cimex,  tip  of  tibia  and  tarsus.     (Eysell)  [Cimicidae] 

322.  Corixa.     (Handlirsch)  [Corixidae.] 


108 


Plate  13. 


DIPTERA,  SUCTORIA.  HEMIPTERA. 


PLATE  14. 
Hemiptera,  Homoptera. 

323.  Notonecta.     (Miall)  [Notonectidse] 

324.  Nepa.     (Miall)  [Nepida;] 

325.  Halticus.     (Distant)  [Miridse] 

326.  Hydrometra.     (Miall)     [Hydrometridse] 

327.  Gems.     (Miall)     [Gerridse] 

328.  Corixa,  front  leg.     (Kolbe)  [Corixidae] 

329.  Corixa.     (Miall)  [Corixida;] 

330.  Cimex.     (Patton  &  Cragg)     [Cimicida;] 

331.  Corizus.     (Hambleton)  [Corizidse] 

332.  Euschistus.     [Pentatomida;] 

333.  Polyctenes.     (Westwood)  [Polyctenidae] 

334.  Leptoglossus.     (Chittenden)  [Coreidse] 

335.  Aradus.     (Howard)  [Aradidse] 

336.  Henicocephalus.     (Maxwell-Lefroy)  [Henicocephalidae] 

337.  Triphleps.     (McGregor)  [Anthocoridae] 

338.  Conorhinus.     (Chagas)  [Reduviidse] 

339.  Cicada,  hind  leg.     (Kolbe)  [Cicadidae] 

340.  Corythuca.     [Tingitidae] 

341.  Anasa,  prothorax  and  head.     (Hyatt  &  Arms)  [Coreidse] 

342.  Lethocerus.     (Smith)  [Belostomatidse] 
'    343.  Blissus.     (Webster)  [Myodochidse] 

344.  Icerya,  antenna  of  female.     (Riley)  [Coccidae] 
6    345.  Entylia,  hind  leg.     (Branch)  [Membracidse] 

346.  Icerya,  tarsus  of  female.     (Riley)  [Coccidae] 
6    347.  Entylia,  antenna.     (Branch)  [Membracidae] 


Plate  14. 


B.  Brues,  del, 


HEMIPTERA,  HOMOPTERA. 


PLATE  15. 
Homoptera. 
O  348.  Cicada,  wings.     [Cicadidse]    , 
<^  349.  Cicada,  head  from  front.     (Berlese)  [Cicadidse] 
0  350.  Ceresa.     (Marlatt)  [Membracidae] 
^■351.  Ceresa,  antenna.     (Marlatt)  [Membracidae] 
^  352.  Ceresa,  fore  wing.     (Marlatt)  [Membracidae] 
^   353.  Typhlocyba,  wings.     [Typhlocybida] 
<»  354.  Tettigoniella.     (Ball)  [Proconiidae] 
c>  355.  Oncometopia,  fore  wing.     (Ball)  [Jassidae] 
^    o  356.  Poiocera,  wings.     (Metcalf)  [Fulgorids] 
^^'^357.  Gypona,  wings.     (Metcalf)  [Proconiidae] 
^^  r,  358.  Ormenis.     (Swezey)  [Flatidae] 

f  359.  Libumia,  wings.     (Metcalf)  [Delphacidae] 
O  360.  Otiocerus,  wings.     (Metcalf)  [Derbidae] 
y'  "  361.  Amphiscepha.     (Swezey)  [Flatidae] 

362.  Diaspis,  female.     (Howard)  [Coccidae] 

363.  Rhizococcus,  female,  tip  of  tibia  and  tarsus.     (Packard)  [Coccidae] 

364.  Palaeococcus,  hind  leg.     [Coccidae] 

365.  Aspidiotus,  male.     (Howard)  [Coccidae] 
<^366.  Scolops.     (Smith)  [Cixiidae] 

^    0  367.  Scolops,  fore  wing.     (Metcalf)  [Cbciidae] 


y 


Plate  16. 


HOMOPTERA. 


PLATE  16. 

Homoptera,  Lepismatoidea,  MachUoidea,   Rhabdtira,   Dicellura,  Arthropleona, 
Symphypleona,  Protura. 

368.  Trioza,  wings.     (Patch)  [Psyllidae] 

369.  Aleyrodes,  tarsus.     (Quaintance)  [Aleyrodidse]  / 

370.  Efltylia.     (Branch)  [Membracida;]  ."    ^'  ^"  // ^>? 

371.  Pachypsylla,  wings.     (Patch)  [Psyllida;] 

372.  Entylia,  head  from  front.     (Branch)  [Membracidse] 

373.  Macrosiphvun,  wings.     (Patch)  [Aphididse] 

374.  Aphis.     (Chittenden)  [Aphididae] 

375.  Aleyrodes.     (Bemis)  [Aleyrodidse] 

376.  Cicada,  head  from  above.     (Maxwell-Lefroy)  [Cicadidse] 

377.  Jassid,  head  from  above.     (Maxwell-Lefroy)  [Jassidae] 

378.  Lepisma.     (Butler)  [Lepismatidse] 

379.  Campodea.     (Maxwell-Lefroy)  [Campodeidse] 

380.  Tomocerus.     (Folsom)  [Entomobryidse] 

381.  Isotoma.     (Imms)  [Entomobryidse] 

382.  Parajapyx,  apex  of  abdomen.     (Silvestri)  [Japygidse] 

383.  Japyx,  from  below.     (Berlese)  [Japygidse] 

384.  Sminthiirus.     (Sharp)  [Sminthuridse] 

385.  Acerentomon.     (Silvestri)  [Eosentomidse] 

386.  Anajapyx.     (Silvestri)  [Projapygidse] 

387.  Gastrotheus.     (Silvestri)  [Lepismatidae] 


114 


Plate  16. 


B.  B.  Bruea,  del. 

HOMOPTERA,   LEPISMATOIDEA,    MACHILOIDEA,   RHABDURA,    DICEL- 
LURA,  ARTHROPLEONA,  SYMPHYPLEONA,  PROTURA. 


PLATE  17. 
Lmnature  Stages  of  Various  Insects. 

388.  Calosoma,  larva.     (Duncan)  [Coleoptera:  Carabidse] 

389.  Dj^scus,  larva.     (Maxwell-Lefroy)  [Coleoptera:  Dytiscidse] 

390.  Phryganeid  larva.     (Duncan)  [Trichoptera] 

391.  Lachnosterna,  larva.     (Forbes)  [Coleoptera:  Scarabseidae] 

392.  Chrysopa,  larva.     (Chittenden)  [Neuroptera:  Chrysopidae] 

393.  Mallodon,  larva,  lateral  view.     [Coleoptera:  Cerambycidse] 

394.  Same,  ventral  view.     (Packard) 

395.  Geometrid  larva.     (Packard)  [Lepidoptera:  Geometridse] 

396.  Melanotus,  larva.     (Forbes)  [Coleoptera;  Elateridse] 

397.  Saw-fly  larva.     (Maxwell-Lefroy)  [Hymenoptera :  Tenthredinidse) 

398.  Acherontia,  larva.     (Maxwell-Lefroy)  [Lepidoptera :  Sphingidse] 

399.  Culex,  larva.     (Dyar)  [Diptera:    Culcidse] 

400.  Hylastinus,  larva.     (Chittenden)  [Coleoptera:  Ipidse] 

401.  Bruchus,  larva.     (Howard)  [Coleoptera:    Bruchidae] 

402.  Anatis,  larva.     (Britton)  [Coleoptera:  Chrysomelidas] 

403.  SimxJium,  larva.     (Osbom)  [Diptera:  Simulidse] 

404.  Chrysobothris,  larva.     (Chittenden)  [Coleoptera:  Buprestidae] 

405.  Musca,  larva.     (Howard)  [Diptera-  Muscidre] 

406.  Pulex,  larva.     (Chittenden)  [Suctoria:  Pulicidse] 

407.  Tipula,  larva.     (Needham)  [Diptera:  Tipulidse] 

408.  Gelechia,  pupa,  under  side.     (Hunter)  [Lepidoptera:  Gelechiidae] 

409.  Same,  side  view.     (Hunter) 

410.  Simulitim,  pupa.     (Miall)  [Diptera:  Simulildae] 

411.  Lyctus,  larva.     (Hopkins)  [Coleoptera:  Lyctidae] 

412.  Sialis,  pupa.     (Davis)  [Megaloptera:  Sialididse] 

413.  Cyllene,  pupa.     (Hopkins)  [Coleoptera:  Cerambycidae] 

414.  Culex,  pupa.     (Knab)  [Diptera:  Culicidae] 


Plate  17. 


B.  B.  Bruea,  del. 


IMMATURE  STAGES  OF  VARIOUS  INSECTS. 


PLATE  18. 
Various  Terrestrial  Arthropods,  not  Insects. 

415.  Porcellio.     (Richardson)  [Crustacea] 

416.  Scolopendra.     (Newport)  [Chilopoda] 

417.  Scutigera.     (Howard)  [Chilopoda] 

418.  Chelifer.     (Ewing)  [Arachnida] 

419.  Buthus.     (Krffiplin)  [Arachnida] 

420.  Galeodes.     (Dufour)  [Arachnida] 

421.  Tegenaria.     (Emerton)  [Arachnida] 

422.  Theljrphonus.     (Krsepelin)  [Arachnida] 

423.  Eurypelma.     [Arachnida] 

424.  Julus.     (Stebbing)  [Diplopoda] 

425.  Argas.     (Bishopp)  [Arachnida] 

426.  Protolophus.     (Banks)  [Arachnida] 

427.  Tetranychus.     (Woodworth)  [Arachnida] 


118 


Plate  18. 


B.  B.  Brues,  del. 


TERRESTRIAL  ARTHROPODS,  NOT  INSECTS. 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS.i 

This  glossary  is  intended  to  include  only  such  entomological  terms  as  are  not  easily 
understood  from  the  figures  referred  to  in  the  keys  throughout  the  book,  and  other 
words  only  when  their  meaning  in  the  keys  might  not  be  readily  ascertained  from 
an  ordinary  English  dictionary. 

Abdomen,  the  hindermost  of  the  three  main  body  divisions. 
Adventitious,  not  regular,  accidental  or  additional. 

Anal,  pertaining  to  the  last  abdominal  segment  or  to  the  hind  basal  angle  of  the  wing. 
Annulated,  incompletely  divnded  into  ring-like  joints. 
Annulus,  (-li),  a  ring  or  band. 
Antecoxal  sclerite,  a  part  of  the  metasternum  in  front  of  the  hind  coxae  (Coleoptera) 

(PI.  6,  fig.  108). 
Antecubital  crossveins,  crossveins  along  the  costal  border  toward  the  base  (Odonata). 
Antenna  (-nae),  a  pair  of  jointed  appendages  of  the  head  above  the  mouthparts. 
Appendiculate  cell,  a  small  indistinct  cell  distal  to  the  marginal  cell  (Hymenoptera). 
Apterous,  wingless. 
Arcuate,  arched  like  a  bow. 

Arculus,  a  basal  crossvein  between  the  radius  and  cubitus  (Odonata). 
Arista,  a  bristle-like  process  at  or  near  the  end  of  the  antennae  (Diptera). 
Ar61ium  (-ia),  a  terminal  pad  of  the  foot  between  the  claws. 
Attenuated,  gradually  tapering. 
Axrxiliary  vein,  the  subcostal  vein  of  Diptera,  anterior  to  the  first  longitudinal  vein. 

(PI.  12,  fig.  258). 
Axilla    (-lae),  a  triangular  sclerite  on  each  side  of  the  scutellum  (Hymenoptera) 

(PI.  4,  fig.  68.  A.) 
Basal  cells,  the  two  cells  proximal  to  the  anterior  crossvein  and  the  discal  cell 

(Diptera)  (PI.  12,  fig.  258). 
Bifid,  split  into  two  parts. 
Bilobed,  divided  into  two  lobes. 
Calypteres,  small  membranous  disks  under  the  base  of  the  wings  (Diptera)  (PI. 

13,  fig.  303,  c). 
Capitate,  with  a  distinct  knob  at  the  tip. 
Carinate,  ridged,  or  furnished  with  a  raised  line  or  keel. 
Caudal  filaments  or  setae,  thread-like  processes  terminating  the  abdomen. 
Cell,  a  space  in  the  wing  bounded  by  veins. 

Cercus  (-ci),  a  pair  of  short  appendages  at  the  end  of  the  abdomen. 
Cheek,  the  lateral  part  of  the  head  between  the  eyes  and  the  mouth. 
Chitin,  the  horn-like  material  forming  the  hard  parts  of  the  body  wall. 
Clavate,  clubbed  or  enlarged  at  the  tip. 
Clavus,  an  oblong  basal  part  along  the  inner  edge  of  the  fore  wings  (Heteroptera, 

Homoptera)  (PI.  13,  fig.  316). 

'Where  the  plural  form  is  unusual  the  differing  termination  is  given  in  parentheses  added  to 
the  last  common  letter  of  the  root. 

121 


122  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

Clypeus,  the  sclerite  bearing  the  labrum  (Hymenoptera) ;  a  horseshoe-shaped  sclerite 

under  the  margin  of  the  mouth  (Diptera). 
Coarctate,  -with  narrowed  base  and  enlarged  tip. 

Compressed,  flattened  from  side  to  side,  as  distinguished  from  depressed. 
Connate,  immovably  united,  fused. 
Constricted,  narrowed  in  the  middle. 

Cdrium,  an  elongate  middle  part  of  the  fore  wing  (Hemiptera) . 
C6meous,  horn-like  in  texture. 

Costa,  the  front  margin  of  the  wing,  considered  as  the  first  vein. 
Costal  area,  the  part  of  the  wing  immediately  behind  the  front  margin. 
Costal  cell,  the  space  of  the  wing  in  front  of  the  subcostal  vein. 
Coxa  (-xae),  the  basal  joint  of  the  leg,  sometimes  quite  fused  with  the  body. 
Ctenidium  (-ia),  a  comb-like  row  of  bristles. 
Cubitus,  the  fifth  of  the  main  veins  of  the  wing. 
Cursdrial,  fitted  for  running. 

Declivity,  the  abruptly  bent  apex  of  the  elytra  (Coleoptera). 
Decumbent,  bending  downward. 
Denticulate,  with  minute  tooth-like  projections. 
Dichoptic,  eyes  not  touching  (Diptera). 
Digitate,  with  finger-like  processes. 

D6rsal,  pertaining  to  the  upper  surface  or  back  of  the  body. 
Dorsocentral  bristles,  several  rows  of  bristles  near  the  middle  of  the  mesonotum 

(Diptera)  (PI.  13,  fig.  302,  DC). 
Ectoparasite,  a  parasite  which  lives  on  the  exterior  of  animals. 
El3rtron  (-ra),  the  horny  upper  wings,  or  wing  covers,  of  beetles. 
Empodium  (-ia),  a  single  middle  pad  between  the  tarsal  claws  (Diptera). 
Epiphysis  (-ses),  a  lappet-like  process. 

Epipleura  (-ras),  the  infolded  edge  of  the  elytra  (Coleoptera). 
Epistome,  the  lowest  part  of  the  face. 
Epizoic,  liNang  on  the  outside  of  animals. 

Eye-cap,  a  group  of  modified  scales  overhanging  the  eye  (Lepidoptera). 
Facial  plate,  the  central  part  of  the  face  (Diptera) . 
Femur  (-mora),  the  thigh  or  third  division  of  the  legs. 
Filiform,  hair-like,  or  filamentous,  longer  than  setaceous. 
Flabellate,  with  fan-like  processes  or  projections. 
Flabellimi  (-la),  a  leaf -like  or  fan-like  process. 
Flagellimi,  the  distal  part  of  the  antenna  when  lash-like. 
Fontanel,  a  small,  depressed,  pale  spot  on  the  front  of  the  head  between  the  eyes 

(Isoptera). 
Forcipate,  bearing  pincers,  or  pincers-shaped. 
Frenulum,  a  strong  spine  at  the  front  basal  angle  of  the  hind  wings  (Lepidoptera) 

(PI.  10,  fig.  226). 
Front,  the  forehead,  between  the  antennae,  eyes  and  ocelli. 
Frontalla,  the  central  strip  of  the  front  (Diptera)  (PI.  13,  fig.  304). 
Frontal  lunule,  a  small  crescent-shaped  space  just  above  the  antennae  (Diptera) 

(PI.  13,  fig.  304). 


Glossary  of  Special  Terms.  123 

Fronto-orbital  bristles,  several  bristles  along  the  front  next  the  eyes   (Diptera) 

(PI.  13,  fig.  304). 
Furcula,  the  forked  springing  appendage  below  the  end  of  the  abdomen.      (CoUem- 

bola). 
Gena  (-nae),  the  cheek. 
Geniculate,  abruptly  bent,  elbowed. 
Genitalia,  the  external  sexual  organs. 
Gibbous,  puffed  out;  hunch-backed. 
Glabrous,  bald,  smooth,  free  of  hairs. 

Gonapophysis  (-ses),  the  short  conical  egg-laying  processes  terminating  the  abdo- 
men. 
Graduated  crossveins,  an  oblique  row  of  crossveins  forming  steps  across  the  wing 

(Neuroptera). 
Gravid,  filled  with  eggs. 
GMar  siiture,  a  longitudinal  impressed  line  on  each  side  of  the  gula  or  middle  piece 

of  the  throat. 
Halter,  a  small  knobbed  appendage  on  each  side  of  the  thorax  replacing  the  hind 

wings  (Diptera). 
Haustellate,  mouth  formed  for  sucking,  the  mandibles  not  fitted  for  chewing. 
Hemelytron  (-ra),  the  modified  fore  wings  of  Hemiptera. 
Heteromerous,  differing  in  the  number  of  joints  in  the  tarsi. 
Holoptic,  eyes  of  the  male  meeting  above  the  antennae  (Diptera). 
Homonomous,  similar  in  form,  function  or  development. 
Humeral  angle,  the  inner  front  corner  of  the  wing. 
Hyaline,  more  orl   ss  transparent. 
Hypopleural  bristles,  a  more  or  less  vertical  row  of  bristles  above  the  hind  coxae 

(Diptera). 
Hypopygium,  the  last  ventral  plate;  or  the  inflexed  genitalia. 
Ingluvial,  pertaining  to  the  crop. 
Interfrontal  bristles,  minute  bristles  on  the  central  part  of  the  front  (Diptera)  (PI. 

13,  fig.  304). 
Interstitial,  occurring  between  two  segments,  e.  g.  the  trochanter,  linking  the  coxa 

and  femur. 
Intra-alar  bristles,  several  bristles  above  the  root  of  the  wing  next  to  the  dorsocen- 

trals   (Diptera). 
Jigum,  a  lobe-like  process  at  the  base  of  the  fore  wings  overlapping  the  hind  wings 

(Lepidoptera) . 
Labellum  (-la),  the  expanded  sensitive  tip  of  the  proboscis  (Diptera). 
Labium,  the  lower  lip  or  second  maxillae. 
Labrum,  the  upper  lip. 
Lamella  (-lae),  a  leaf-like  plate. 
Laminate,  composed  of  leaf-like  plates. 
Lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  spear-shaped. 
Larva  (-vae),  the  earlier  stages  of  an  insect's  life  after  hatching  from  the  egg  and 

before  the  pupal  period. 
Lateral,  at  or  pertaining  to  the  side  of  the  body. 
Ligula,  the  central  part  of  the  labium,  borne  by  the  mentum  (Coleoptera) . 


124  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 

L^ule,  a  small  crescent-shaped  piece  just  above  the  antenna  (Diptera). 

Mandibulate,  with  jaws  fitted  for  chewing. 

Maxilla  (-lae),  the  second  pair  of  appendages  belonging  to  the  mouth,  behind  the 

mandibles  or  jaws. 
Maxillary  palpus,  a  finger-like  jointed  appendage  on  each  maxilla. 
Media,  the  fourth  of  the  principal  wing-veins. 
Mentxtm,  the  part  of  the  labium  bearing  the  movable  parts. 
Mesepistemum,  (-na),  the  anterior  of  the  oblique  side  pieces  of  the  mesothorax. 
Mesonotum,  the  back  or  upper  side  of  the  mesothorax. 

Mesopleura  (-rae),  the  space  below  and  in  front  of  the  root  of  the  wings  (Diptera). 
Mesostemum,  the  middle  part  of  the  underside  of  the  mesothorax. 
Mesothorax,  the  middle  of  the  thoracic  divisions,  bearing  the  second  legs  and  the 

fore   wings. 
Metamorphosis  (-ses),  the  series  of  marked  external  changes  through  which  an 

insect  passes  during  its  development  e.  g.  egg,  larva,  pupa,  adult. 
Metastemum,  the  middle  piece  of  the  under  side  of  the  metathorax. 
Metatarsus  (-si),  the  first  joint  of  the  tarsus,  next  to  the  tibia. 
Metathdrax,  the  third  division  of  the  thorax,  bearing  the  hind  legs  and  the  hind 

wings. 
Micropterous,  with  small  wings. 
Monilifonn,  resembling  a  string  of  beads. 

Neuration,  the  arrangement  of  the  veins  of  the  wings,  the  venation. 
Node,  a  swelUng  or  knot-like  knob. 

N6dus,  a  stout  crossvein  at  the  middle  of  the  costal  border  of  the  wing  (Odonata). 
Notum,  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  body,  particularly  of  the  thorax. 
Nymph,  the  larval  stage  of  those  insects  that  have  no  resting  pupal  period. 
Ocellus  (-11),  the  simple  eyes,  usually  three  in  number,  on  the  upper  part  of  the 

head. 
Occiput,  the  back  part  of  the  head. 
Onychium  (-ia),  a  pad  between  the  tarsal  claws. 
Orbit,  the  part  of  the  head  immediately  next  the  eyes, 
Ostioles,  the  paired  lateral  openings  of  the  heart. 
Ovipositor,  the  egg  laying  apparatus. 
Palpus  (-pi),  one  or  two  pairs  of  jointed  sensitive,  finger-like  processes  borne  by  the 

mouth. 
Parapsidal  furrow,  a  lengthwise  groove  between  the  median  line  and  each  side  of 

the  mesonotum  (Hymenoptera). 
PSrasite,  an  animal  that  feeds  on  or  in  some  other  animal. 
Paronychium  (-ia),  a  bristle-like  appendage  of  the  claws  or  empodium. 
Pectinate,  with  branches  like  a  comb. 
Pendulous,  hanging  from  one  end. 
Petiolate,  attached  by  a  stalk  or  stem. 
Phytophagous,  feeding  on  plants. 
Plantula  (-lae),  one  of  the  soles  of  the  feet. 
Pleurite,  one  of  the  side  pieces  of  the  body. 
Plteiose,  feathery. 


Glossary  of  Special  Terms.  125 

Posterior  callosity,  a  swelling  between  the  root  of  the  wings  and  the  scutellum. 
(Diptera). 

Posterior  cells,  a  variable  number  of  cells  extending  to  the  hind  margin  of  the  wings, 
the  first  bounded  inwardly  by  the  anterior  crossvein  (Diptera). 

Posthtuneral  bristle,  one  or  more  bristles  placed  just  inside  of  the  shoulder-swelling 
(Diptera). 

Postscutellum,  a  small  piece  of  the  thora.x  immediately  behind  the  scutellum. 

Postvertical  bristles,  a  pair  of  minute  bristles  behind  the  ocelli  (Diptera)  (PI.  13, 
fig.  504). 

Preapical  bristle,  a  bristle  on  the  outside  of  the  tibia;  just  before  the  apex  (Diptera). 

Predatory,  capturing  living  prey. 

Pygidium,  the  last  dorsal  segment. 

Prefurca,  the  petiole  of  the  second  and  third  veins  of  Diptera. 

Presutural  bristle,  one  or  more  bristles  on  each  side  of  the  mesonotum  just  in  front 
of  the  transverse  suture  (Diptera)  (PI.  13,  fig.  302). 

Proboscis,  the  extended  trunk-like  or  beak-like  mouthparts. 

Proepimeron  (-ra),  that  part  at  the  rear  of  the  side  of  the  prothorax  next  the  coxse. 

Prondtum,  the  back  or  upper  side  of  the  prothorax. 

Propleiira  (-rae),  the  .side  portion  of  the  prothorax. 

Prostemum,  the  middle  of  the  underside  of  the  prothorax. 

Prothoracic  bristle,  a  bristle  above  the  front  coxse  (Diptera) . 

ProthSrax,  the  first  division  of  the  thorax,  bearing  the  front  legs. 

PrOinose,  coated  with  a  hoary  dust. 

Pteropleural  bristles,  bristles  located  on  the  sides  of  the  body  just  beneath  the  root 
of  the  wings  (Diptera)  (PI.  13,  fig.  303). 

Ptalvillus,  (-li),  a  pair  of  pads  beneath  the  tarsal  claws. 

Pftpa  (-pse),  the  resting  stage  preceding  the  transformation  to  adult,  sometimes 
called  chrysalis. 

Radial  cell,  one  or  more  cells  near  the  anterior  margin  of  the  wing  (Hymenoptera) 
(PI.  3,  fig.  36). 

Radial  sector,  the  posterior  of  the  two  main  divisions  of  the  radius. 

Radius,  the  third  of  the  principal  veins  of  the  wings. 

Raptorial,  fitted  for  grasping  prey. 

Reclinate,  pointing  backward. 

Recurrent  nervure,  one  or  two  transverse  veins  arising  from  the  lower  side  of  the 
cubital  cells  (Hymenoptera)  (PI.  3,  fig.  36;. 

Reniform,  kidney-shaped. 

Reticulate,  meshed,  like  net-work. 

Rostrum,  a  beak  or  snout. 

Scape,  the  basal  joint  or  joints  of  the  antennae. 

Sclerite,  any  piece  of  the  body  wall  bounded  by  sutures. 

Scopa,  a  brush  on  the  underside  of  the  abdomen,  for  collecting  pollen  (Hymenop- 
tera) . 

Scutellum,  a  somewhat  triangular  or  crescentic  division  at  the  rear  of  the  meso- 
notum. 

Serrate,  saw-toothed. 


126  Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects, 

Sessile,  broadly  attached. 

Seta  (-tae),  a  bristle  or  filament. 

Setaceous,  bristle-like,  slender. 

Sinuous,  S-shaped,  winding  back  and  forth. 

Small-crossvein,  a  short  crossvein  extending  from  the  base  of  the  discal  cell  to  the 
fifth  posterior  cell  (PI.  12,  fig.  258,  p.  c.  v.). 

Spatulate,  broad  at  tip,  narrowed  at  base. 

SpiQulated,  furnished  with  very  small  spines. 

Spiracles,  breathing  pores  along  the  sides  of  the  body. 

Spurs,  movable  spines,  usually  two,  at  the  end  of  the  tibiae. 

Spurious  vein,  an  extra  vein  crossing  the  anterior  crossvein  (Diptera)  (PL  12,  fig. 
281). 

Squamopygidium,  a  plate  formed  by  the  fusion  of  several  apical  abdominal  seg- 
ments (Dermaptera) . 

Stemite,  the  ventral  piece  of  each  abdominal  segment. 

Stemoplefiral  bristles,  the  bristles  on  the  triangular  side  piece  between  the  front  and 
middle  coxae  (Diptera)  (PI.  13,  fig.  303,  stp.). 

Stigma,  a  thickening  on  the  costal  border  of  the  wings. 

Stridulating,  making  a  chirping  or  creaking  noise. 

Style,  a  bristle-like  process  terminating  the  antennae,  thicker  than  the  arista  (Dip- 
tera) . 

Styles,  short  slender  appendages  on  the  underside  of  the  abdomen  (Thysanura). 

Styliform,  drawn  out  as  a  slender  stiff  process. 

Subantennal  grooves,  a  groove  or  grooves  in  the  middle  of  the  face  (Diptera) . 

Subcosta,  the  second  of  the  principal  veins  of  the  wings. 

Submedian  cell,  a  long  cell  near  the  base  of  the  wing  (Hymenoptera)  (PI.  3,  figs. 
36,  37,  48,  SM.). 

Submentum,  the  basal  part  of  the  mentum. 

Sulcate,  grooved  or  furrowed. 

Supraanal  plate,  a  dorsal  piece  terminating  the  abdomen. 

Suture,  the  line  separating  the  pieces  of  the  body  wall. 

Tarsus  (-si),  the  foot,  the  jointed  portion  of  the  leg  beyond  the  tibia. 

Tegmen  (-mina),  the  toughened  upper  wings  of  grasshoppers,  etc. 

Tegula  (-lae),  a  small  convex  plate  over  the  root  of  the  fore  wings  (Hymenoptera) 
(PI.  4,. figs.  68,  73,  T.). 

Telson,  the  last  abdominal  segment. 

Tergite,  the  dorsal  piece  of  an  abdominal  segment. 

Thorax,  the  second  of  the  main  divisions  of  the  insect  body,  between  the  head  and 
the  abdomen,  bearing  the  legs  and  wings. 

Tibia  (-iae),  the  shin-joint  of  the  leg,  between  the  femur  and  the  tarsus. 

Triangle,  a  small  triangular  cell  near  the  base  of  the  wing  (Odonata). 

Trochanter,  the  small  joint  of  the  leg  between  the  coxa  and  the  femur. 

Trochantin,  a  small  piece  on  the  outer  side  of  the  coxa  (Coleoptera). 

Truncate,  ending  squarely,  blunt. 

Venation,  the  course  of  the  veins  or  rod-like  thickenings  of  the  wings. 

Ventral,  pertaining  to  the  underside  of  the  body. 


Glossary  of  Special  Terms.  127 

Ventral  membrane,  the  skin-like  tissue  connecting  the  tergites  and  the  sternites 

(Diptera). 
Ventral  segments,  the  sternites  of  the  abdomen. 
Vertex,  the  crown  of  the  head. 
Verticillate,  provided  with  whorls  of  fine  hairs. 
Vestigial,  small,  degenerate,  not  functional. 
Vibrissa  (-sse),  a  bristle  or  bristles  on  each  side  of  the  mouth-opening  in  front 

(Diptera)  (PI.  13,  fig.  304,  v.). 
Viviparous,  bringing  forth  living  young,  not  egg-laying. 


INDEX  TO  GENERA  AND  HIGHER  GROUPS. 


Acalypteratse,  67 
Acanthomeridse,  64 
Acanthiidse,  77,  79 
Achetidse,  14 
Achilida;,  75 
Achorutidse,  83 
Acilius,  31 
Acocephalus,  74 
Acoloithus,  50 
Acordulecera,  20 
Acridiidse,  13 
Acroceridse,  64 
Acrolepiidae,  56,  58 
Acroptera,  65 
Adalia,  37 
Adelida;,  56,  57 
Adephaga,  30 
Adimeridse,  36,  38 
Aedes,  62 
^geriidse,  49 
^gialitidffi,  38 
J^^olothripidse,  16 
^schnidse,  43 
Agabus,  31 
Agalliophagus,  42 
Agaonidae,  22 
Agapetidse,  60 
Agapostemon,  29 
Agaristidse,  53 
Agdistinse,  49 
Ageniaspis,  22 
Agnatha,  43 
Agnepteryx,  59 
Agrilus,  33 
Agrionidse,  43 
Agromyzidse,  71 
Agrotis,  54 
Alabama,  54 
Alaus,  33 
Aletia,  54 
Aleyrodidae,  76 
AUeculida;,  38 
AUotria,  21 
Alophora,  67 
Alsophila,  52 
Alydidffi,  80 
Alypia,  53 
Alysiidse,  21,  22 
Alysonidse,  29 
Ainblycera,  18 
Ambrysus,  77 
Ammophila,  28 
Amphicerus,  34 
Amphicyrta,  32 


Amphiscepha,  74 
Amphizoidse,  30 
Ampulicidie,  28 
Ampulicimorpha,  25 
Ansea,  60 
Anabolia,  47 
Anacrabro,  27 
Anajapj'x,  82 
Anaphorinse,  56 
Anarsia,  58 
Anasa,  80 
Anastatus,  22 
Anatis,  37 
Anax,  43 
Ancylis,  57 
Andrenidse,  29 
Andreniformes,  29 
Andriciis,  22 
Androloma,  53 
Aneurus,  78 
Anisolabis,  15 
Anisopidse,  61 
Anisoptera,  43 
Anisota,  52 
Anobiidae,  34 
Anopheles,  62 
Anoplura,  18 
Anosia,  59 
Anotia,  75 
Anteon,  25 
Anthericomma,  42 
Anthicidse,  39 
Anthidium,  30 
Anthocorldse,  78 
Anthomyiidse,  68 
Anthomyza,  71 
Anthonomus,  41 
Anthophila,  2 
Aothophoridse,  29 
Anthrax,  65 
Anthrenus,  34 
Anthribidse,  41 
Antispila,  57 
Antiliata,  61 
Anurididse,  83 
Apantesis,  54 
Apatela,  54 
Apatelodes,  52 
Apatidse,  34 
Aphsenocepbalida?,  38 
Aphsereta,  21 
Aphaniptera,  72 
Aphelinus,  24 
Aphididae,  76 


Aphiochseta,  65 
Aphorista,  37 
Aphoruridse,  83 
Aphrophora,  74 
Apida;,  29 
Apioceridse,  65 
Apocrita,  19 
Apostraphia,  59 
Aradidse,  78 
Archeognatha,  81 
Archips,  57 
Archytas,  68 
Arctiidse,  54 
Argynnis,  60 
Argyresthia,  58 
Aricia,  68 
Arthromacra,  38 
Arthropeas,  64 
Arthropleona,  82 
Ascalaphidse,  45 
Aschiza,  66 
Asclera,  38 
Asilidae,  65 
Aspidiotus,  75 
Aspistes,  63 
Astata,  28 
Asteidse,  71 
Athericera,  66 
Atomaria,  34 
Atropidse,  17 
Attagenus,  34 
Attelabidse,41 
Atteva,  58 

Auchenorrhyncha,  73 
Augochlora,  29 
Automeris,  52 
Auzatidse,  53 

Bacillus,  14 
Bactridium,  38 
Bactrocerus,  19 
Bseocera,  35 
Ba?tis,  43 
Balaninus,  41 
Basilarcbia,  60 
Basilona,  52 
Batrisodes,  32 
Bedellia,  56 
Belostomatidae,  77 
Belytidae,  24 
Bembecia,  49 
Bembecidse,  28 
Bembidium,  31 
Berothidse,  46 


Index  to  Genera  and  Higher  Groups. 


129 


Berytidse,  80 
Bethylidse,  25,  27 
Bibiocephala,  62 
Bibionidse,  62 
Bittacomorpha,  62 
Bittacusidse,  46 
Blapstinus,  38 
Blastobasidje,  58 
Blastophaga,  22 
Blattaeformia,  1 
Blattella,  16 
Blattidffi,  16 
Blepharoceridse,  62 
Blissus.  80 
Bocchus,  25 
BombidEe,  29 
Bombomelecta,  29 
Bombycidae,  53 
Bombycqidea,  3 
Bombyliidse,  65 
BorboVidse,  70 
Boreida?,  46 
Boriomyja,  45 
Boros,  39 
Bostrichidse,  34 
Botanobia,  71 
Brachiloma,  58 
Brachinus,  31 
Brachycentrus,  47 
Brachycera,  61 
Brachyinera,  2 
Brachynemurus,  45 
Brachyrhinidse,  41 
Brachystegus,  29 
Brachytarsus,  41 
Braconidie,  21,  22 
Brassolidse,  60 
Brenthidae,  41 
Brenthis,  60 
Brochymena,  80 
Brontes,  34 
Bruchidse,  40 
Bruchomorpha,  75 
Bryaxis,  32 
Bucculatrix,  55 
Buprestidse,  33 
Byrrhida?,  32 
Byrsopidse,  41 
Bythoscopidse,  74 
Byturidse,  34 

Csecilius,  17 
Clamocerotidse,  47 
Calandridse,  41 
Calephelis,  60 
Caligo,  60 
Calledapteryx,  51 
Calligrapha,  40 


Callimomidae,  23 
Callimyia,  66 
Calliphoridse,  68 
Callizzia,  51 
Callosamia,  52 
Calobatida;,  69 
Calopteron,  36 
Calopterj'gida?,  43 
Calosoma,  31 
Caloteleia,  24 
Calotermes,  17 
Calypteratse,  67 
Calypteromerus,  36 
Campodeidffi,  82 
Camponotus,  25 
Camptoprosopella,  6 
Campylomyza,  63 
Canifa,  39  ' 
Cantharidse,  40 
Canthon,  41 
Capitoniidse,  21 
Capsida;,  78 
Carabidse,  31 
Cardiacephala,  70 
Carpocapsa,  57 
Carpophilus,  33 
Carposina,  58 
Cartodere,  38 
Castniidse,  49 
Catocala,  54 
Cebrionidse,  35 
Cecidomyiidse,  63 
Celama,  54 
Cemonus,  28 
Centris,  29 
Cephaloonidae,  39 
Cephidae,  20 
Cerambycidse,  40 
Ceraphronidse,  24 
Ceratocampidse,  52 
Ceratocombidse,  77 
Ceratinidse,  30 
Ceratitis,  70 
Ceratophyllus,  73 
Ceratopogon,  63 
Ceratopsyllidse,  73 
Cerceris,  28 
Cercyon,  32 
Cercopidse,  74 
Cercyonis,  60 
Ceresa,  74 
Cerodonta,  71 
Ceropalidse,  26 
Ceroplatus,  63 
Ceruchus,  41 
Cerylon,  37 
Ceuthophilus,  14 
Chaetopsis,  70 


Chalarus,  66 
Chalastogastra,  19 
Chalcididae,  23 
Chalcidoidea,  22 
Chalcophora,  33 
Chalcosiidae,  50 
Clialepus,  40 
Chalia,  50 
Chalybion,  28 
Chauliodes,  44 
Chauliognathus,  36 
Cheiropachys,  23 
Chelonariidae,  32 
Chelonus,  21 
Chermidae,  75 
Chionaspis,  75 
Chironomidae,  63 
Chlaenius.  31 
Chlorion,  28 
Chlorochroa,  74 
Chloroperia,  44 
Chloropidae,  71 
Choreutis,  58 
Chortophaga,  13 
Chrysididae,  25 
Chrysobolhris,  33 
Chrysomelidae,  40 
Chrysophanus,  60 
Chrysopidae,  45 
Chrysopila,  64 
Chrysops,  64 
Chrysotus,  66 
Chyliza,  72 
Chyphotes,  26 
Cicadidae,  73 
Cicindelidae,  31 
Cicinnus,  53 
Cimbicida?,  20 
Cimicidae,  77 
Cioidae,  37 
Cissia,  60 
Cistelida?,  38 
Cistogaster,  67 
Citheroniidae,  52 
Cixiidae,  75 
Clambida;,  36 
Clastoptera,  74 
Clavicornia,  32 
Cleonymidae,  23 
Cleridae,  35 
Climacia,  46 
Clinocera,  66 
Clinocoridae,  77 
Clisiocampa,  53 
Clistogastra,  19 
Clusia,  69 
Clythiidai,  66     ' 
Coccidae,  75 


10 


130 


Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 


Coccinellidse,  37 
Cochlidiidae,  50 
Coelioxys,  30 
Coelopa,  69 
Coenagrionidse,  43 
Coenonympha,  60 
Coenosia,  68 
Coleophora,  57 
Coleoptera,  30 
Coleopteroidea,  2 
Colias,  60 
CoUembola,  82 
Colletidse,  29 
Colletiformes,  29 
Collops,  36 
Colobopterus,  45 
Colydiida;.  37 
Colymbetes,  31 
Coniopterygidse,  45 
Connophron,  36 
Conocephalus,  14 
Conopidse,  66 
Conorhinus,  79 
Conotrachelus,  41 
Contarinia,  63 
Copeognatha,  17 
Copidita,  38 
Copromyzidse,  70 
Coptodisca,  57 
Coptotriche,  56 
Cordulegasteridse,  43 
Corduliidse,  43 
Cordyluridse,  69 
Coreidse,  80 
Corimelsenidae,  80 
CorLxidae,  77 
Corizidse,  80 
Corphyra,  39 
Corrodentia,  17 
Corticaria,  38 
Corydalidae,  44 
Corylophidse,  36 
Corynetidse,  35 
Corythuca,  79 
Cosilidse,  27 
Cosniopepla,  80 
Cosmopterygidse,  57,  58 
Cossidse,  50,  55 
Crabronidae,  27 
Crambidse,  50 
Crambidia,  55 
Cratoparis,  41 
Cremastogaster,  25 
Criocerus,  40 
Cryptocephalus,  40 
Cryptophagidse,  34,  39 
Cryptorhynchus,  41 
Cryptothrips,  16 


Cryptus,  21 
Ctenocephalus,  73 
Ctenophora,  62 
Ctenopsyllidte,  73 
Ctenucha,  53 
Cucujidse,  34,  39 
Culicida;,  62 
Cupedidae,  30 
Curculionidae,  41 
Cursoria,  16 
Cuterebrida;,  67 
Cyane,  57 
Cybister,  31 
Cybocephalus,  36 
Cycloplasis,  57 
Cydia,  57 
Cydnidse,  80 
Cyclorrhapha,  65 
Cylas,  41 

Cylindrotomidse,  62 
Cyllene,  40 
Cymatophoridse,  52 
Cynipidse,  22 
Cynipoidea,  22 
Cyphonidse,  33 
Cypselidse,  70 
Cyrtidse,  64 
Cyrtonotum,  71 
Cyrtopogon,  65 

Dacnes,  34 
Dacnusa,  21 
Dactylopius,  75 
Dalceridse,  50 
Danais,  59 
Dascyllidae,  33 
Dasyneura,  63 
Datana,  52 
Debis,  60 
Decatoma,  23 
Degeeriidae,  83 
Deilephila,  51 
Delphacidse,  74 
Deltocephalus,  74 
Dendroctonus,  40 
Dendroides,  39 
Dendroleon,  45 
Depressaria,  59 
Derbida;,  75 
Dermaptera,  15 
Dermatina,  4 
Dermatophilidae,  72 
Dennestidae,  34 
Dermodermaptera,  14 
Derodontidae,  34 
Desmometopa,  71 
Dexiidae,  68 
Diacrisia,  54 


Diadasia,  29 
Diamorus,  23 
Diaperis,  38 
Diaphania,  50 
Diapheromera,  14 
Diapriidae,  24 
Diastata,  71 
Dicellura,  82 
Dictyoptera,  45 
Didineis,  29 
Diedrocephala,  74 
Dilaridae,  45 
Dilophus,  62 
Dineutes,  31 
Dioptidae,  52 
Diphyllini,  34 
Diplax,  43 
Diploglossata,  14 
Diploplectron,  28 
Diopsidae,  70 
Diplosis,  63 
Diplura,  81 
Diprionidae,  20 
Dipsocoridae,  77 
Diptera,  61 
Dircenna,  59 
Discolomidae,  38 
Dissosteira,  13 
Ditoma,  37 
Diversicornia,  32 
Dixidae,  62 
Docophorus,  18 
Dolerus,  20 
Dolichopodidae,  66 
Donacia,  40 
Dorcus,  41 
Dorniphora,  65 
Doryceridae,  70 
Dorylaidae,  66 
Dor;yphora,  40 
Doru,  15 
Drapetes,  33 
Drasterius,  33 
Drepanidae,  53 
Drosophilidae,  71 
Dryinidae,  25,  27 
Dryomyzidae,  70 
Dry'ope,  58 
Dryopidae,  32 
Dysdercus,  79 
Dysodia,  53 
Dysodiidae,  78 

Eccoptogaster,  40 
Echiiiophthiriidse,  18 
Ectoedemia,  55 
Eiseniella,  22 
Elachistidae,  57 


Index  to  Genera  and  Higher  Groups. 


131 


Elaphidion,  40 
Elasmidse,  23 
Elateridse,  33 
Elenchida;,  42 
Eleodes,  38 
Eleuterata,  30 
Elis,  26 

EUipoptera,  18 
EUychnia,  36 
Elmis,  32 
Elythroptera,  30 
Embidaria,  3 
Embiida?,  43 
Embioptera,  42 
Embolemidse,  25 
Emesidse,  79 
Emmenognatha,  44 
Empididse,  66 
Empoasca,  74 
Enallagma,  43 
Enarmonia,  57 
Enchenopa,  74 
Encyrtidse,  22 
Endomychidse,  37 
Energopoda,  4 
Ennearthron,  3.7 
Enodia,  60 
Entomobryidse,  83 
Eois,  52 

Eosentomidse,  83 
Ephemeridse,  43    - 
Ephemeroidea,  3 
Ephemeroptera,  43 
Ephestia,  50 
Ephuta,  27 
Ephydridse,  71 
Epicalliina,  59 
Epicauta,  40 
Epilachna,  37 
Epimartyria,  49 
Epiplemidae,  51 
EpitrLx,  40 
Epochra,  70 
Eproboscidea,  66 
Epyris,  25 
Erax,  65 
Eretmoptera,  63 
Erinnidse,  64 
Eriocephalidse,  49 
Erioptera,  62 
Eristalis,  66 
Eros,  36 

Erotylidffi,  34,  37 
Erycinidse,  60 
Estigmene,  54 
Ethmiida;,  59 
Eucerceris,  28 
Eucharidse,  23 


Euchistus,  80 
Eucinetidse,  33 
Eucleida?,  50 
Eucnemidse,  33 
Eucoila,  21 
Euconnus,  36 
Eucosma,  57 
Eudamus,  59 
Eudermaptera,  15 
Eulecanium,  75 
Eulophidse,  24 
Eumenidae,  26 
Eumyiidse,  66 
Eunotus,  23 
Euparagia,  26 
Eupelmidae,  22 
Euplexoptera,  15 
Euploeidse,  59 
Euproctis,  55 
Eupsalis,  41 
Eupterotidse,  52,  53 
Eurema,  60 
Euribiidse,  70 
Eurygaster,  80 
Eurymus,  60 
Eurytomidse,  23 
Eusapyga,  26 
Eustrophus,  39 
Eutermes,  17 
Euthrips,  16 
Euthyatira,  52 
Euthysanius,  35 
Euvanessa,  60 
Euxesta,  70 
Evaniidse,  21 
Evaniocerini,  39 
Exoprosopa,  65 
Exoristidse,  68 

Fannia,  68 
Figitidse,  21 
Flatida?,  74 
Foenus,  21 
Forficulidae,  15 
Formicidse,  25 
Fornax,  33 
Frenataj,  49 
Fulgoridse,  74 
Fungivoridae,  63 

Galerucella,  40 
Galgulida;,  76 
Galleriidae,  50 
Gastrophilidse.  67 
Gelastocoris,  76 
Gelechiida?,  56,  58 
Geocoris,  80 


Geometridse,  51,  52,  55 
Geomyzidse,  71 
Georyssidie,  37 
Geotrupes,  41 
Geron,  65 
Gerridse,  78 
Gingla,  50 
Glossata,  48 
Glyptocombus,  77 
Gnophaela,  54 
Gnorimoschema,  56 
Gomphidse,  43 
Gonatocerus,  22 
Gonatopus,  25 
Gonia,  68 
Gorytidse,  29 
Gracilariidse,  57 
Graphomyia,  68 
Grapta,  60 
Gressoria,  14 
Gryllidse,  14 
Grylloblattids,  13 
Gryllotalpidse,  14 
Gymnopternus,  66 
Gymnosomatidse,  67 
Gypona,  74 
Gyrinidse,  31 
Gyropodidse,  18 

Habrosyne,  52 
Hadena,  54 
Hsematobia,  68 
Hsematopinidse,  19 
Halictophagidse,  42 
Halictus,  29 
Haliplidffi,  31 
Halisidota,  54 
Halterata,  61 
Halteriptera,  61 
Haltica,  40 
Halticus,  78 
Haploa,  54 
Harmostes,  80 
Harpalus,  31 
Harrisina,  50 
Haustellata,  61 
Hebrid«,  79 
Hedychrum,  25 
Heliconiidse,  59 
Helicoptera,  75 
Heliodinidae,  57 
Heliophila,  54 
Heliothis,  54 
Heliothrips,  16 
Heliozelidse,  55,  57 
Helodida?,  33 
Helomyzidae,  68 
Helophilus,  66 


132 


Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 


Heloridse,  24 
Hemerobiidse,  45 
Hemerocampa,  55 
Hemerodromia,  66 
Hemimeridse,  14 
Hemiptera,  76 
Hemisia,  29 
Henicocephalidse,  79 
Henopidse,  64 
Hepialidse,  49 
Heptagenia,  43 
Heriades,  30 
Hesperiidse,  59 
Hesperoctenes,  78 
Hetserina,  43 
Heterocampa,  52 
Heterocera,  48 
Heteroceridfe,  37 
Heterochila,  70 
Heteromera,  31 
Heteroneuridse,  69 
Heteroplectron,  47 
Heteroptera,  76 
Hexagenia,  43 
Hippelates,  71 
Hippiscus,  13 
Hippoboscidse,  72 
Hippodamia,  37 
Hirmoneura,  64 
Histeridaj,  33 
Histriciidse,  68 
Holcaspis,  22 
Holcocera,  58 
Hololepta,  33 
Holometopa,  67 
Homffiinus,  80 
Homalomyia,  68 
Homoptera,  73 
Hoplisodes,  29 
Hybos,  66 
Hydrellia,  71 
Hydriomena,  52 
Hvdrobatidae,  78 
Hydrobius,  32 
Hydrometridse,  78 
Hydrophilidse,  32 
Hydrophorus,  66 
Hydropsychidse,  47 
Hydroptilidse,  47 
Hydroscaphidse,  37 
Hvlocoetus,  36 
Hylophilidae,  39 
Hylotomidse,  20 
Hymenoptera,  19 
Hymenopteroidea,  1 
Hymenorus,  38 
Hj-patus,  60 
Hyphaatria,  54 


Hypocera,  65 
Hypodermatidffi,  67 
Hypoprepia,  55 
Hj-porhagus,  39 
Hypselosoma,  77 
HjTJsidse,  54 
Hystrichopsyllidae,  73 

Ibaliidfe,  22 
Ichneumonidoe,  21,  22 
Ichneumoniformia,  1 
Idiocerus,  74 
Incurvaria,  57 
Inocellia,  44 
Iphiclides,  60 
Ipidse,  40 
Ischnocera,  18 
Ischnoptera,  16 
Isocybus,  24 
Isodontia,  28 
Isometopidai,  78 
Isoptera,  17 
Isosoma,  23 
Isotoma,  83 


Ithomiidse,  59 
Itonididse,  63 

Jalysus,  80 
Janus,  20 
Japygidse,  82 
Jassidse,  74 
Jugatse,  49 

Kapala,  23 
Kermes,  75 

Labiduridse,  15 
Labiidse,  15 
Laccobius,  32 
Lachnosterna,  41 
Lacosomatidse,  53 
Lsemophloeus,  34 
Lsemopsylla,  73 
Laertias,  60 
Lagoa,  50 
Lagriidfe,  38 
Lamellicornia,  31 
Larapyridae,  36 
Languridse,  37 
Laphria,  65 
Laphygraa,  54 
Lariidse,  40 
Larridse,  28 
Larvsevoridse,  68 
Lasiocampidae,  53 
Lasioptera,  63 
Lasius,  25 


Lathridiidfe,  38 
Lauxaniidae,  69 
Lemoniidse,  60 
Lepidoptera,  48 
Lepidosaphes,  75 
Lepismatidae,  81 
Leptidae,  64 
Leptinidae,  35 
Leptinotarsa,  40 
Leptocera,  70 
Leptoceridae,  48 
Leptocoris,  80 
Leptogaster,  65 
Leptoglossus,  80 
Leptomydas,  65 
Leria,  68 
Lestes,  43 
Lestremia,  63 
Lethocerus,  77 
Leucopis,  72 
Leucospidae,  23 
Libellulidae,  43 
Libelluloidea,  3 
Liburnia,  74 
Libytheidffi,  60 
Limenitis,  60 
Limnephilidae,  47 
Limnerium,  21 
Limnobatidae,  78 
Limnobiidse,  62 
Limnophila,  62 
Limnotrechus,  78 
Limonius,  33 
Limosina,  70 
Liotheidae,  18 
Liparidae,  55 
Lipeurus,  18 
Liponeuridae,  62 
Lipoptera,  18 
Liriopeidae,  62 
Litargus,  37 
Lithocolletes,  57 
Lithosiidae,  51,  55 
Locustidae,  14 
Lomamyia,  46 
Lonchaeidae,  70 
Loiichopteridae,  65 
Lonomiidae,  53 
Lophyrus,  20 
Loxocera,  72 
Loxostege,  50 
Lucanidae,  41 
Lucidota,  36 
Lucilia,  68 
Lycsenidae,  60 
Lydidae,  19 
Lycida;,  36 
Lycogaster,  24 


Index  to  Genera  and  Higher  Groups. 


133 


Lycoperdina,  37 
Lycoriidse,  63 
Lyctidse,  34 
Lygseidje,  80 
Lygus,  78 
Lymantriidse,  55 
Lymexylonidae,  35,  3( 
Lymnadidse,  59 
Lyonetiidse,  55 
Lyperosia,  68 
Lyroda,  28 
Lysiphlebus,  21 
Lyttida;,  40 

Machilidse,  81 
Macratria,  39 
Macrobasis,  40 
Macrocephalidae,  79 
Macrocera,  63 
Macrodactylia,  2 
Macrodactylus,  41 
Macronema,  47 
Macrophya,  20 
Macrosiphum,  76 
Macroxyela,  19 
Malachiidag,  35,  36 
Malacodermata,  2 
MalacodermidiE,  36 
Malacomyza,  45 
Malacosonia,  53 
Mallophaga,  18 
Mantidse,  16 
Mantispidse,  45 
Margaronia,  50 
MasaridiB,  26 
Masiceridse,  68 
Mayetiola,  63 
Mecoptera,  46 
Mecynocera,  42 
Megachilida;,  30 
Magalodachne,  34 
Megaloptera,  44 
Magalopygidse,  50 
Megalothoracidse,  83 
Megaprosopidse,  67 
Megaspilus,  24 
Megathymus,  59 
Megilla,  37 
Melandryidfe,  39 
Melanolestes,  79 
Melanophora,  68 
Melanophthalraa,  38 
Melanoplus,  13 
Melanotus,  33 
Melectida;,  29 
Meleoma,  45 
Melissodes.  29 
Melittia,  49 


Melittobia,  24 
Mellinidae,  28 
Meloida;,  40 
Melophagus,  72 
Melusinidse,  62 
Melyridffi,  36 
Membracidae,  74 
Mengeidae,  42 
Menopon,  18 
Meoneura,  71 
Meromyza,  71 
Meropidfe,  46 
Mesoveliidfe,  79 
Metatermitidae,  17 
Meteor  us,  21 
Methoca,  27 
Metopia,  68 
Mezira,  78 
Mezium,  35 
Microbeinbex,  28 
Microgaster,  21 
Micromalthidae,  36 
Micromus,  45 
Micropezida;,  69,  70 
Microphthalma,  67 
Micropterygoidea,  49 
Microphona,  65 
Microrhagus,  33 
Microvelia,  78 
MilichiidfE,  71 
Mimesidae,  28 
Mineola,  50 
Miridae,  78 
Mirientomata,  83 
Miscogastridae,  23 
Miscophus,  28 
Molamba,  36 
Molannidae,  48 
Mompha,  57 
Monarthrum,  40 
Monedula,  28 
Monodontomerus,  23 
Monohammus,  40 
Mondmmidae,  39 
Mononychidae,  76 
Monotomidae,  38 
Mordellida?,  39 
Morellia,  68 
Morphoida;,  60 
Murgantia,  80 
Muscidae,  68 
Musidoridae,  65 
Mutillidae,  27 
Mycetaeidae,  37 
Mycetaulus,  71 
Mycetochares,  38 
Mycetophagidae,  34,  37 
Mycetophilidae,  63 


Mycomyia,  63 
Mydaidae,  65 
Myersiidae,  21,  22 
Myiodaria,  66 
Myiospila,  68 
Mymaridae,  22 
Myodites,  39 
Myodochidae,  80 
Myolabridae,  40 
Myopa,  66 
Myrmecophila,  14 
Myrmeleonidae,  45 
MjTmica,  25 
Myrmosidae,  26,  27 
Mytilaspis,  75 
Myzinidse,  26 
Myzus,  76 

Nabidae,  78 
Nacerdes,  38 
Naeogeidae,  79 
Naso,  75 
Naucoridae,  77 
Neanura,  83 
Necrobia,  35 
Necrophorus,  36 
Nectarophora,  76 
Neelidae,  83 
Neididaj,  80 
Nematocera,  61 
Nematus,  20 
Nemistrinidae,  64 
Nemognatha,  40 
Nemopoda,  68 
Nemotelus,  63 
Nemoura,  44 
Nepidae,  77 
Neopasites,  29 
Neoscleroderma,  25 
Nephanes,  37 
Nepticulidae,  55 
Nerophilus,  48 
Nerthridae,  76 
Neuronia,  47 
Neuroptera,  45 
Neuropteroidea,  3 
Neuroctena,  70 
Neuroterus,  22 
Neurotoma,  19 
Nirmus,  18 
Nisoniades,  59 
Nitelidae,  28 
Nitidulidae,  33,  38 
Noctuidae,  54 
Nolidae,  54 
Nomad  idae,  29 
Nosodendridae,  32 
Nossidium,  37 


134 


Keij  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 


Notiphila,  71 
Notodontidse,  52 
Notoglossa,  27 
Notolophus,  55 
Notonectidae,  77 
Notoxus,  39 
Nycteolidse,  54 
Nycteribiidse,  72 
Nyctobates,  38 
Nymphalidje,  60 
Nymphipara,  66 
Nyssonida;,  28,  29 

Ochteridae,  76 
Ochthiphilida-,  72 
Ocneria,  55 
Ocj'pteridse,  68 
Odinia,  71 
Odonata,  43 
Odontoceridse,  48 
Odontophyes,  19 
Odontota,  40 
Odynerus,  26 
(Ecanthus,  14 
CEcophoridse,  59 
ffidemasia,  52 
Qildomeridae,  38 
(Estridse,  67 
Olbiogaster,  61 
Olene,  55 
Olethreutes,  57 
Olfersia,  72 
Olibrus,  33 
Oligoneura,  42 
Oligotomidse,  43 
Olynthida;,  42 
Omaloptera,  66 
Omophron,  31 
Omosita,  33 
Omus,  31 
Oncodidse,  64 
Oncomyia,  66 
Oncopeltis.  80 
Onthophagus,  41 
Oothecaria,  16 
Ophion,  21 
Opomyzidse,  71 
Opostegidse,  55 
Opsebius,  64 
Orasema,  23 
Orchesella,  83 
Oreta,  53 
Orgyia,  55 
Ormenis,  74 
Ormyrus,  23 
Orneodidse,  49 
Ornix,  57 
Orphaephilidse,  62 


Ortalidida?,  70 
Orthezia,  75 
Orthocladius,  63 
Orthogenya.  65 
Orthoperidffi,  36 
Orthoptera,  13 
Orthopteroidea,  1 
Oryssidse,  20 
Oscinidse,  71 
Osmia,  30 
Ostomatida?.  33 
Othniida?,  38 
Otiocerus,  75 
Otiorhynchidjp,  41 
Oxybelidse,  27 
Oxj-ptilus,  49 

Pachybrachys,  40 
Pachyneuridse,  62 
Pachyophthalmus,  68 
Pachyrhina,  62 
Packardia,  50 
Pagasa,  78 
Paleacrita,  52 
Palloptera,  70 
Palpicornia,  32 
Pamphila,  59 
Pamphiliidse,  19 
Pangseus,  80 
Panorpidse,  46 
Panorpoidea,  3 
Pantoclis,  24 
Pantophthalmidte,  64 
Panurgidse,  29 
Papaipema,  54 
Papilionidae,  60 
PapiriidjB,  83 
Paragus,  66 
Parallelomma,  69 
Paramesius,  24 
Parandra,  40 
Paraneuroptera,  43 
Parasita,  18 
Paratiphia,  26 
Parnassiidse,  60 
Parnidaj,  32 
Parnopes,  25 
Parydra,  71 
Passaloecus,  28 
Passalidse,  41 
Paururus,  20 
Pediculidse,  19 
Pedilidffi,  39 
Pelecinidse,  25 
Pelidnota,  41 
Pelocoris,  77 
Pelogonidse,  76 
Pelopffius,  28 


Peltis,  33 

Pemphredonidse,  28 
Pentagrammaphila,  42 
Pentarthron,  24 
PentatomidiB,  80 
Penthe,  39 
Pepsis,  26 
Peribalus,  80 
Pericoma,  62 
Pericopidse,  54 
Peridroma,  54 
Perilampidse,  23 
Periplaneta,  16 
Perlidae,  44 
Perloidea,  3 
Petrophora,  52 
Phalacridse,  33 
Phalonia,  58 
Phasgonophora,  23 
Phasgonuridae,  14 
Phasmidse,  14 
Phasiidffi,  67 
Phengodes,  36 
Philanthida-,  28 
Philonthus,  32 
Philopotamidae,  47 
Philopteridae,  18 
Philothermus,  37 
Phleboptera,  19 
Phlegethontius,  51 
Phloeothripidse,  16 
Pholus,  51 
Phorantha,  67 
Phorbia,  68 
Phoridse,  65 
Phorodon,  76 
Phortica,  71 
Photinus,  36 
Photuris,  36 
Phryganeidae,  47 
Phryganidia,  52 
Phryneidse,  61 
Phthiraptera,  18 
Phthirius,  19 
Phthorimsea,  56 
Phyciodes,  60 
Phycltida;,  50 
Phycodromidse,  69 
Phyllobsnus,  35 
Phyllocnistis,  55,  57 
Phyllodromia,  16 
Phylloxera,  76 
Phymatids,  79 
Physocephala,  66 
Physopoda,  15 
Phyto,  68 
Phytomyzidse,  71 
Phytonomus,  41 


Index  to  Genera  and  Higher  Groiips. 


135 


Phytophaga  (Hym.)  19 
Phytophaga  (Col.  )  31 
Pieridse,  60 
Piesmidffi,  80 
Pimpla,  21 
Piophilid*,  71 
Pipunculidee,  66 
Pissodes,  41 
Plastocerus,  35 
Platycerus,  41 
Platydema,  38 
Platygastridse,  24 
Platynus,  31 
Platypalpus,  66 
Platypedia,  73 
Platj-pezidse,  66 
Platypodidse,  40 
Platypterygidse,  53 
Platypsyllidae,  35 
Platyptilia,  49 
Platystomatidse,  70 
Plecia,  62 
Plecoptera,  44 
Plecotoma,  39 
Plectoptera,  43 
Plenoculus,  28 
Plodia,  50 
Podabrus,  36 
Podagrion,  23 
Poduridae,  83 
Poecilocapsus,  78 
Poiocera,  74 
Polistes,  26 
Polycaon,  34 
Polycentropidse,  47 
Polyctenidse,  78 
Polygnotus,  24 
Polygonia,  60 
Polymorpha,  32 
Polynema,  22 
Polyphaga,  30 
Polystigma,  60 
PolystcKchotidse,  45 
Pomphopcea,  40 
Pompilidae,  26 
Ponera,  25 
Pontia,  60 
Porthetria,  55 
Priononyx,  28 
Prionoxystus,  50 
Pristaulacus,  21 
Prochiliza,  71 
Proconiidse,  74 
Proctacanthus,  65 
Proctotrypidae,  25 
Prodenia,  54 
Prodoxidae,  55 
Projapygidae,  82 
Prolabia,  15 


Proleucoptera,  55 
Pronuba,  55 
Prosopidae,  29 
Protermitidae,  17 
Protura,  83 
Psaramocharidae,  26 
Pselaphidae,  32 
Psenida?,  28 
Psephenus,  32 
Pseudagenia,  26 
Pseudisobrachium,  25 
Pseudococcus,  75 
Pseudocorylophidae,  3£ 
Pseudomasaris,  26 
Pseudomethoca,  27 
Pseudorhynchota,  18 
Pseuoplisus,  29 
Psilidai,  72 
Psilocephala,  65 
Psithyrus,  29 
Psocidae,  17 
Psocinella,  17 
Psocoptera,  17 
Psyche,  48 
Psychidai,  50,  55 
Psychodidae,  62 
Psychomyiidse,  47 
Psyllida?,  75 
Pteromalidae,  23 
Pteronarcys,  44 
Pterophoridae,  49 
Pterostichus,  31 
Pterygogenea,  1 
Pterygophoridae,  20 
Ptilida;,  37 
Ptilodexia,  68 
Ptinida;,  35 
Ptinobius,  23 
Ptomophagus,  36 
Ptychopteridae,  62 
Pygidicranidse,  15 
Pyragra,  15 
Pyragropsis,  15 
Pyralididse,  50,  51 
Pyrameis,  60 
Pyraustidae,  50 
Pyrgotida;,  70 
Pyrochroidae,  39 
Pyromorphidae,  50 
Pyrrhocoridae,  79 
Pythida;,  39 
Pyticera,  35 
Pulicidae,  73 
Pulvinaria,  75 
Pupipara,  66 

Ranatra,  77 
Reduviidae,  79 
Reduviolus,  78 


Rhabdura,  82 
Rhachiceridae,  64 
Rhagionidffi,  64 
Rhagoletis,  70 
Rhagovelia,  78 
Rhamphomyia,  66 
Rhanis,  37 
Rhaphidiidae,  44 
Rhaphiomydas,  65 
Rheumaptera,  52 
Rhinchitidae,  41 
Rhinomaceridae,  41 
Rhinophoridae,  68 
Rhinopsis,  28 
Rhinotoridae,  70 
Rhipiceridae,  34 
Rhipiphoridae,  39 
Rhipiptera,  41 
Rhizophagus,  38 
Rhogas,  21 
Rhopalocera,  48 
Rhopalomerida?,  69,  70 
Rhopalosomatidae,  26 
Rhophoteira,  72 
Rhyacophilidse,  47 
Rhymbus,  37 
Rhynchocephahis,  64 
Rhynchophora,  31 
Rhynchoprionidae,  72 
Rhynchota,  4 
Rhyphidffi,  61 
Rhysodidae,  31 
Riodinidae,  60 
Rivellia,  70 
Roproniidae,  21 
Ruralidae,  60 

Saldida;,  79 
Saltatoria,  13 
Samia,  52 
Sandalus,  34 
Sanninoidea,  49 
Saperda,  40 
Saprinus,  33 
Sapromyzidae,  69 
Sapygidae,  26 
Sarcophagidae,  68 
Sarcopsyllidae,  72 
Sargus,  63 
Saturniidae,  52 
Satynis,  60 
Scaphidiidae,  35 
Scaphisoma,  35 
Scaptolenus,  35 
Scarabaeidae,  41 
Scatomyzidae,  69 
Scatophagidae,  69 
Scatopsidae,  63 
Scelionidse,  24 


136 


Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 


Sceliphron,  28 
Scepsis,  53 
Schizometopa,  67 
Schizophora,  66 
Schizopteridse,  77 
Schizura,  52 
Sciagraphia,  52 
Sciapus,  66 
Sciaridse,  63 
Sciomyzidje,  70 
Sciophila,  63 
Schistoceros,  SI 
Scoliida;,  26 
Scolops,  75 
ScolytidiB,  40 
Scopeumidffi,  69 
Scraptiidse,  39 
Scudderia,  14 
Scutelleridse,  80 
Scydmffinidse,  36 
Semiotellus,  23 
Sepedon,  70 
Sepsis,  68 

Sericostomatidse,  47 
Serphidse,  25 
Serricornia,  32 
Sesiidse,  49 
Sessiliventres,  19 
Setomorpha,  58 
Sialididse,  44 
Sierolomorpha,  27 
Silphidffi,  36 
Silvanus,  34 
Silvius,  64 
Simuliidse,  62 
Sinodendridse,  41 
Sinoxylon,  34 
Siphonaptera,  72 
Siphunculata,  18 
Siricidse,  20 
Sisyridse,  46 
Sitodrepa,  34 
Sitotroga,  56 
Smicra,  23 
Smicrips,  38 
Sminthuridse,  83 
Solenobia,  50 
Sphaeriidte,  37 
Sphseritidse,  35 
Sphseroceridse,  70 
Sphserophthalmus,  27 
Sphecidse,  28 
Spheciformia,  2 
Sphecius,  28 
Sphecodes,  29 
Sphenophorus,  41 
Sphindidse,  38 
Sphingidse,  51 


Sphyrocephala,  70 
Spermophagus,  40 
Sphilochalcis,  23 
Spilonota,  57 
Spilosoma,  54 
SpondylidfE,  40 
Stachyocnemus,  80 
Stagmotnantis,  16 
Staphylinidse,  32 
Staphyliniformia,  2 
Statira,  38 
Stegomyia,  62 
Stelis,  30 
Stenomidse,  58 
Stenoxenidae,  63 
Stenus,  32 
Stephanidse,  21 
Sterictophora,  20 
Sternoxia,  2 
Sthenopis,  49 
Stigmus,  28 
Stizidse,  28 
Stobaera,  74 
Stomoxys,  68 
Stratiomyiidse,  63 
Streblida;,  72 
Strepsiptera,  41 
Stylogaster,  69 
Stylops,  42 
Suctoria,  72 
Symphasis,  45 
Sympherobius,  45 
Symphypleona,  83 
Symphoromyia,  64 
Symphyta,  19 
SympiesLS,  24 
Synchora,  39 
Synergus,  22 
Synistata,  45 
Synteliidse,  33 
Syntomidse,  53 
Syrphidse,  66 
Systropus,  65 

Tabanidse,  64 
Tabuda,  65 
Tachinida»,  68 
Tachyporus,  32 
Tachysphex,  28 
Tachytes,  28 
Tanypezidse,  69 
Tanypus,  63 
Telamona,  74 
Telea,  52 
Teleas,  24 
Telenomus,  24 
Telephoridae,  36 
Temnochilidse,  33 


Tenaga,  56 
Tendipedidae,  63 
Tenebrioides,  33 
Tenebrionidse,  38 
Tenthredella,  20 
Tenthrediiiidae,  20 
Tephritis,  70 
Tephrochlamys,  68 
Tephroclystis,  52 
Terebrantia  (Hym.),  19 
Terebrantia  (Thrips),  1& 
Teredilia,  2 
Terias,  60 
TermitidiK,  17 
Termopsis,  17 
Tetanoceridse,  70 
Tetracha,  31 
Tetraopes,  40 
Tetrastichus,  24 
Tettigidse,  13 
Tettigonidse,  14 
Tettigoniidse,  74 
ThamnotettLx,  74 
Thanasinius,  35 
Thaumatotj'pidea,  2L 
Thecla,  60 
Thelaira,  68 
Theresia,  68 
Therevidse,  65 
Thripidse,  16 
Throscidse,  33 
Thyacophilidse,  47 
Thyatiridse,  52 
Thynnidse,  27 
Thyreocoridse,  80 
Thyridida;,  53 
Thyridopteryx,  50 
Thysanoptera,  15 
Thysanura,  80 
Tibicen,  73 
Tineidae,  56,  58 
Tineola,  58 
Tingitidffi,  79 
Tiphiidie,  26 
Tipulidae,  62 
Tischeriidse,  56 
Tmetocera,  57 
Tolype,  53 
Tomicus,  40 
Tomocerus,  83 
Tomoxia,  39 
Tortricidse,  57 
Tortricidia,  50 
Toyrmidae,  23 
Toxoptera,  76 
Tremex,  20 
Trichiosoma,  2ft 
Trichobius,  72 


Index  to  Genera  and  Higher  Groups. 


137 


Trichocera,  62 
Trichodectidse,  18 
Trichodes,  35 
Tricbogrammatidse,  24 
Trichopria,  24 
Triclioptera,  46 
Trichopterygidse,  37 
Trichopoda,  67 
Trichothrips,  16 
Tridactylidse,  14 
Tridymus,  23 
Triepeolus,  29 
Trigonaloidse,  24 
Trinoton,  18 
Trioxocera,  42 
Trioza,  75 
Triphleps,  78 
Triprocris,  50 
Tritoma,  37 
Trixoscelis,  71 
Troctes,  17 
Trogidse,  41 
Trogositidte,  33 
Tromoptera,  4 


Tropidopria,  24 
Tropoea,  52 
Trypetida?,  70 
Tryphon,  21 
Trypoxvlonidis,  27 
Tubulifera,  16 
Typhlocybidie,  74 

Ulidiidse,  70 
Ulonata,  13 
Ululodes,  45 
Uraniida;,  53 
Uratocheila,  82 
Uroceridse,  20 
Utetheisa,  54 

Valentinia,  58 
Vanessa,  60 
Vanhorniidse,  25 
Veliidffi,  78 
Vespida;,  26 
Vespifomiia,  1 

Willistoniella,  69 


Xenidse,  42 
Xenopsylla,  73 
Xiphydriidffi,  20 
Xyelida;,  19 
Xyleborus,  40 
Xylesthia,  58 
Xylina,  54 
Xylocopidse,  30 
Xylophagidfe,  64 
XyloryctidfE,  58 
Xylota,  66 

Yponomeutidse,  56,  58 
Ypsolophus,  56 

Zaitha,  77 
Zarsea,  20 
Zeuzera,50 
Zodion,  66 
Zoraptera,  17 
Zorotypidae,  17 
Zygsenidse,  53 
Zygentoma,  81 
Zygoptera,  43 


INDEX  TO  COMMON  NAMES 


Alfalfa  weevU,  41 
Angumois  grain-moth,  56 
Ant-lions,  45 
Ants,  19,  25 
Aphis-lion,  45 
Apple  Aphid,  76 
Apple  Curculio,  41 
Apple  leaf-hopper,  74 
Apple  maggot,  70 
Apple  tent-caterpillar,  53 
Apple  twig-borer,  34 
Army  worms,  54 
Asparagus  beetle,  40 

Back-swimmers,  77 
Bag-worm,  50 
Bark-lice,  75 
Bean-weevil,  40 
Bedbug,  77 
Bee-moth,  50 
Bees,  19  ,29 
Beetles,  30 
Big  bedbug,  79 
Bill-bugs,  41 
Bird  lice,  18 
Biting  lice,  18 
Blackberry  crown-borer,  49 
Black-flies,  62 
Blister  beetles,  40 
Blow-flies,  67 
Blue-bottle  fly,  68 
Blues,  60 
Body  louse,  19 
Boll-weevil,  41 
Bombadier  beetle,  31 
Book-louse,  17 
Bot-flies,  67 
Box-elder  plant-bug,  80 
Bristle-tail,  81 
Brown-tail  moth,  55 
Bud-moth,  57 
Buffalo-gnats,  62 
Buffalo  tree-hopper,  74 
Bugs,  76 
Bumble-bees,  29 
Butterflies,  48 

Cabbage  Aphid,  76 
Cabbage  butterfly,  60 
Cabbage  maggot,  68 
Caddice-flies,  46 
Carolina  locust,  13 
Carpenter  moth,  50 
Carpet-beetle,  34 


Carrion  beetles,  36 
Case-bearers,  57 
Caterpillar-hunter,  31 
Cat-flea,  73 
Canker-worms,  52 
Cave  cricket,  14 
Cecropia  moth,  52 
Chalcis-flies,  21 
Cheese-skipper,  71 
Cherry  Aphid,  76 
Chinch-bug,  80 
Cicada,  73 

Cigar  case-bearer,  57 
Click-beetles,  33 
Clothes  moths,  58 
Clover  weevil,  41 
Cochineal  insect,  75 
Cockroaches,  16 
Codling  moth,  57 
Colorado  potato-beetle,  40 
Coppers,  60 
Corn  bill-bugs,  41 
Corn  ear-worm,  54 
Corn  root-worms,  40 
Cotton  boll-weevil,  41 
Cotton  boll-worm,  54 
Cotton-stainer,  79 
Cotton-worm,  54 
Cottony  scale,  75 
Crab-louse,  19 
Crane-flies,  62 
Crickets,  14 
Croton  bug,  16 
Currant  Aphid,  76 
Currant-borer,  49 
Currant  maggot,  70 
Currant  span-worm,  52 
Cut-worms,  54 

Daddy-long-legs,  62 
Damsel-flies,  43 
Dengue-fever  mosquito,  62 
Diving  beetles,  31 
Dobson,  44 
Dog-flea,  73 
Dog-louse,  18 
Dragon-flies,  43 

Earwigs,  15 

Elm  bark-beetle,  40 

Elm  leaf-beetle,  40 

Fall  army-worm,  54 
Fall  canker-worm,  52 


Index  to  Common  Names. 


13^ 


Fall  web-worm,  54 
Fig  insects,  22 
Filaria  mosquito,  62 
Fire-flies,  36 
Flat-head  borers,  33 
Flea-beetles,  40 
Fleas,  72 
Flies,  61 
Flower-flies,  66 
Forester  moth,  53 
Forest  tent-caterpillar,  53 
Frit  fly,  71 
Fungus  gnats,  63 

Gad-flies,  64 
Gall-flies,  21 
Gall-gnats,  63 
Garden  web-worm,  50 
Giant  water-bugs,  77 
Gnats,  61,  63 
Grain  Aphid,  76 
Granary  weevil,  41 
Grape  leaf-hopper,  74 
Grape  Phylloxera,  76 
Grasshoppers,  13 
Green-bottle  fly,  68 
Green  fruit-worm,  54 
Greenhouse  Thrips,  16 
Greenhouse  white  fly,  76 
Green  locust,  14 
Ground  beetles,  31 
Grouse  locusts,  13 
Gypsy  moth,  55 

Harlequin  cabbage-bug,  80 
Hawk-moths,  51 
Hawthorn  lace-bug,  79 
Head-louse,  19 
Hellgrammite,  44 
Hessian  fly,  63 
Hog-louse,  19 
Honey-bee,  29 
Hop-aphid,  76 
Hornets,  26 
Horn-fly,  68 
Horse  bot-fly,  67 
Horseflies,  64 
Housefly,  68 
Human  flea,  73 

Ichneumon-flies,  19 
Indian  meal-moth,  50 
lo  moth,  52 

Jigger-flea,  72 
Joint-worms,  23 
Jumping  plant-lice,  75 
June-bug,  41 


Katydids,14 
Kissing-bug,  79 

Lace-bugs,  79 

Lace-wing  fly,  45 

Lady-birds,  37 

Larder  beetle,  34 

Leaf-crumpler,  50 

Leaf-footed  bug,  80 

Leaf-hoppers,  74 

Leaf-rollers,  57 

Leopard  moth,  50 

Lesser  apple-worm,  57 

Lice,  18 

Locust-borer,  40 

Locust  leaf -miner,  40 

Locust,  13 

Long-horned  grasshoppers,  14 

Long-horned  locust,  14 

Longicorns,  40 

Louse,  18 

Luna  moth,  52 

Malaria  mosquito,  62 
Mantis,  16 
Marsh-treaders,  78 
May-flies,  43 
Meal  snout-moth,  50 
Mealworm,  38 
Mealy-bugs,  75 
Mediterranean  flour-moth,  50 
Mediterranean  fruit-fly,  70 
Melon  Aphid,  76 
Mexican  cotton  boll-weevil,  41 
Midges,  61,  63 
Milkweed  butterfly,  59 
Mole  crickets,  14 
Mosquitoes,  61,  62 
Moth-flies,  62 
Moths,  48 
Museum  beetle,  34 

Nut-weevils,  41 

Oak  scales,  75 
Onion  maggot,  68 
Onion  Thrips,  16 
Owlet  moths,  54 
Ox-warble,  67 
Oyster-shell  scale,  75 

Palmer  worm,  56 
Paper-wasps,  26 
Pea  Aphid,  76 
Peach-borer,  49 
Peach-twig  borer,  58 
Pear  midge,  63 
Pear  Psylla,  75 


140 


Key  to  Families  of  North  American  Insects. 


Pear  Thrips,  16 
Pea-weevil,  40 
Periodical  Cicada,  73 
Pickle-moth,  50 
Pigmy  locusts,  13 
Pine  bark-ljeetles,  40 
Pine  saw-flies,  20 
Pistol  case-bearer,  57 
Plague  flea,  73 
Plant-lice,  76 
Plum  Curculio,  41 
Polyphemus  moth,  52 
Pomace-fly,  71 
Poplar  weevil,  41 
Potato-beetle,  40 
Potato-tuber  moth,  56 
Potter-wasps,  26 
Powder-post  beetles,  34 
Praying  mantis,  16 
Predatory  flower-bug,  78 
Promethia  moth,  52 
Prominents,  52 
Prune-twig  borer,  34 
Punkies,  63 

Radish-maggot,  68 
Rat-flea,  73 

.Hed-hump  apple-caterpillar,  52 
Hoaches,  16 
Robber-flies,  65 
Rocky-mountain  locust,  13 
Hoot  web- worm,  50 
Rose-chafer,  41 
Rosy  Aphid,  76 
Round-head  apple-borer,  40 
Rove-beetles,  32 

Salmon-flies,  44 
Sand-flies,  43 
San  Jose  Scale,  75 
Saw-flies,  19 
Scale  insects,  75 
Scorpion-flies,  46 
Screw-worm,  68 
Scurfv-scale,  75 
Sheep  bot-fly.  67 
Shore-bug,  79 
Shot-hole  borer,  40 
Skippers,  48,  59 
Soft  scales,  75 
Span-worm,  52 
Sphinx-caterpillars,  51 
Spittle  insects,  74 
Spring  canker-worm,  52 
Spruce  bark-beetle,  40 
Squash-borer,  49 
Squash-bug,  80 


Stable-fly,  68 
Stalk-borer,  54 
Stilt-bugs,  80 
Stink-bugs,  80 
Stone-flies,  44 

Strawberry  crown-moth,  49 
Strawberry  leaf-roller,  57 
Strawberry  root-weevil,  41 
Strawberry  Thrips,  16 
Swallowtail  butterflies,  60 

Tarnished  plant-bug,  78 
Tent-caterpillars,  53 
Termites,  17 
Terrapin  scale,  75 
Thrips,  16 
Tiger-beetles,  31 
Tiger-moth,  54 
Timber-beetle,  40 
True-bugs,  76 
Tree-crickets,  14 
Tree-hoppers,  74 
Tumble-bug,  41 
Tussock  moth,  55 
Twig-pruners,  40 

Variegated  cut-worm,  54 

Walking  stick,  14 

Wasps,  19 

Water-boatman,  77 

Water-bugs,  77 

Water  scavenger  beetles,  32 

Water-scorpions,  77 

Water-striders,  78 

Water-tigers,  31 

Weevils,  30,  41 

\Mieat  midge,  63 

^^^leat-stem  maggot,  71 

Wheat-stem  saw-fly,  20 

W^hirligig  beetles,  31 

White  ants,  17 

White  ermine  moth,  54 

WTiite-flies,  76 

White-marked  tussock-moth,  55 

WTiite-pine  weevil,  41 

Willow  saw-fly,  20 

Willow  weevil,  41 

Wireworm  beetles,  33 

Wood-wasps,  19 

WooUy-bear  caterpillars,  54 

Yellow-fever  mosquito,  62 
Yellow-jackets,  26 
Yellow-neck  caterpillar,  52 
Yellows,  60 
Yucca  moths,  55 


,--- 


